are substances that provoke a specific immune response which is so discriminating that only a single molecular fragment, called an _______, interacts with the lymphocyte’s receptor.
Q: What are the components of innate immunity?
A: The innate immune system comprises of the barriers that aids to keep viruses, bacteria and other…
Q: Of the four types of acquired immunity, which do you think your immune system has undergone?
A: Body's ability to counteract or fight with foreign organisms known as a pathogen. A person may…
Q: How is immune globulin different from hyperimmune globulin?
A: Immune globulins are some complex glycoprotein molecules produced by the plasma cells, which play a…
Q: What is the function of the MHC antigens?
A: MHC stands for Major Histocompatibility Complex.
Q: Why specifically is IgM produced upon the primary immune response while IgG is produced upon the…
A: Antibodies protect against immunogens that invade the cells. Antibodies are of five types. That are…
Q: What are the mechanisms used by B cells to generate antibody diversity?
A: Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced in response to an antigenic stimulation. They mai either…
Q: How is an epitope different from an antigen?
A: Step 1 Immunity is a natural or acquired resistance of an individual to the development of…
Q: What is Helper T cells?
A: Step 1 The immune system has two types of about trillion lymphocyte cells, called B-lymphocytes and…
Q: When is antigen processing an essential prerequisite for an immune response?
A: Antigen processing, is an immunological process that prepares antigens to be identified by special…
Q: In addition to cells infected by microbes, what other types of target cells are attacked by…
A: Lymphocytes are the types of WBC (white blood cells) that are located in the immune system of the…
Q: What happens to the immune system of a person with HIV, and how may that infection develop into…
A: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is caused by HIV or human immunodeficiency virus. This infection…
Q: Which subtype of T cells is destroyed by the HIV virus?
A: HIV or the human immunodeficiency viruses is a type of Lentivirus (a subgroup of the retrovirus,…
Q: Which type of T-cell activates a macrophage to greater killing power in the presence of an…
A: A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, which develops in the thymus gland (hence the name) and plays a…
Q: Using the letters from column B, match the cell description in column A. (Note that all require more…
A: Different immune cells are involved in mediating protection to the host against the pathogen. There…
Q: Would a denatured antigen be expected to have the same epitopes as its native (undenatured)…
A: An epitope is a small part in antigen. This portion of antigen is recognized by antibody. They may…
Q: What are the three most important products of the complement system?
A: Complement system : It is also known as complement cascade and is a part of the immune system.…
Q: What is a secondary lymphoid organ?
A: LYMPHOID ORGANS : These are the organs where origin , maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes…
Q: What is an antigen-presenting cell? By which mechanism do the “present” antigens?
A: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are essential for the initiation and maintenance of adaptive immune…
Q: What is Passive Immunity ? When does it occur ?
A: When ready made antibodies or directly given to protect the body against foreign agent so to provide…
Q: Why would the immune system naturally require suppression?
A: The body system that functions to defend our body by restricting and eliminating the pathogens…
Q: In general, what sorts of pathogens might be able to more successfully attack a patient with an…
A: B lymphocytes are mediators of the humoral (antibody-producing) immunity Without B-cells, our body…
Q: If we regard red bone marrow as a lymphatic organ and define lymphatic organs partly by the presence…
A: The red bone marrow is a crucial component of the lymphatic system, it is one of the primary…
Q: Which three stages of typical adaptive immune response can be divided?
A: Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity which one person gets from the outside in the form of…
Q: If an antigen mutates, will the same lymphocytes recognize it?
A: BASIC INFORMATION IMMUNE SYSTEM it defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…
Q: Outline the sequence of events in a humoral immune response, from the introduction of antigen to the…
A: Animal physiology is the systematic study of the supporting features, roles, and processes of…
Q: Name the two primary tissues of the immune system. Why are they considered the primary tissues?
A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…
Q: What is the role of the primary lymphoid organ in adaptive immunity?
A: The body has special organs and mechanisms that aid in the defense against infection-causing agents;…
Q: What is the function of an antigen-presenting cell?
A: Antigen presenting cells are some type of heterogeneous group of immune cells which mediate the…
Q: Although we lumped all lymphocytes together (normal and unusually large ones), what is the correct…
A: Adaptive immunity is the immunity developed after the body encounters the antigen and it removes the…
Q: Which type of T cell is most important in both cellular and humoral immunity?
A: There are two main mechanisms of immunity within the adaptive immune system – humoral and cellular.…
Q: An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor?
A:
Q: Match the following with A. First line of defense, B. second line of defense, C third line of…
A: INTRODUCTION In the human body there are three lines of defence it may fight against the…
Q: Which type of immunity is triggered by vaccination?
A: Active immunity is immunity to a pathogen that develops after exposure to the pathogen. When the…
Q: What major class of immune cells mediates an innate immuneresponse?
A: The innate immune response is the primary mechanism for have protection found in every multicellular…
Q: Which type of T cell is most important in both cellular and humoral immunity? Why?
A: T cells or T lymphocytes are a sub population of lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow…
Q: Name three kinds of blood cells that function in nonspecific (innate) immunity.
A: To describe: The three kinds of blood cells that function in nonspecific (innate) immunity.
Q: What is passive immunity?
A: Immunity refers to every mechanism of the body that helps to protect the body from harmful foreign…
Q: Distinguish susceptibility from resistance, and innate from acquired immunity. Why are these…
A: The immune system in the body act as a defense system. It fights against disease and infection. The…
Q: What are the divisions of adaptive immunity?
A: Immunity is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist harmful microorganisms. The adaptive…
Q: What is the role of antigen-presenting cells and TH cells in triggering/activating adaptive…
A: What is the role of antigen-presenting cells and TH cells in triggering/activating adaptive…
Q: Define the term immunoglobulins ?
A: Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produces by plasma cells. They…
Q: Why is antigen-presentation important in fighting infection?
A: Antigen presentation is the process by which protein antigen is ingested by an antigen-presenting…
Q: Once the antigen presenting cell delivers the message about the identity of the specific pathogen to…
A: In vertebrates, the innate, or nonspecific, immune system is one of two major immunity systems (the…
Q: If neutrophils consume pathogens through phagocytosis, why are they categorized under the 2nd line…
A: Immunity is the body's ability to fight a potential disease agent or a situation that can cause…
Q: What is the importance of the complement system in immunity?
A: The importance of the complement system in immunity.
Q: What effect would the absence or alteration of lymphocytes b have on the body?
A: B-lymphocytes are a part of adaptive cell immunity which is responsible for humoral immunity by…
_______ are substances that provoke a specific immune response which is so discriminating that only a single molecular fragment, called an _______, interacts with the lymphocyte’s receptor.
a) Antigens; epitope
b) Epitopes; immunogen
c) Immunogens; fragment
d) Allergens; allograft
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- The correct order of words to describe how innate immune response responds to a pathogen that has gotten by the physical and chemical barriers is: À) Skin, Saliva, Cytokines, Macrophage B)Macrophage, Cytokines, Neutrophil, Natural Killer Cell C) Neutrophil, Cytokines, Killer T Cell, Antibodies D) Antigen, Macrophage, B Cell, Killer T Celli) True or False : Antibodies attach firmly to an antigenic determinant called an epitope.ii) True or False: Band T-cells are the components of the adaptive immune system.iii) True or False: Swelling, redness, and pain of the injured part are due to inflammation of the injured tissue.iv) True or False: Insertion of complement proteins C7, C8, and C9 into the cell membrane of the pathogen is due to the Amphipathic nature of these proteins.v) True or False: During inflammation cells from the adaptive immune systems are mainly recruited towards the site of infection.vi) True or False: Cytokines are released by Macrophages for the killing of the Ag directly.vii) True or False: Macrophages always mature into monocytes at the site of infection.viii) True or False: All components of the Complement systems remain active in the body all the time.ix) True or False: All the factors of the complement system remain active except factor-D due to its substrate specificity for factor-B, bound to…What is the first step in the antigen-antibody interaction? A.) opsonization B.) epitope production C.) neutralization D.) phagocytosis E.) agglutination
- Innate lymphoid cells reside primarily in tissues such as the lungs, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin, because these sites represent the major routes of entry of pathogens into the body. Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist, and each is specialized to respond to a category of pathogen (e.g., viruses, extracellular bacteria, helminthic parasites, etc). a) True b) FalseWhich of the following is NOT true of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)? A) Each ILC type responds to a different category of pathogens. b.)) ILCs are derived from the common lymphoid precursor. c. )) ILCs rearrange their antigen receptors in a similar way to T-cells. d. ))Each ILC type is distinguished by the cytokines that it produces. e. ))Development of each ILC type is driven by unique transcription factors.Which of the following components of the immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns? a.) Macrophages b.) Dendritic cells c.) Proteins of the complement system d.) All of above
- A 40-year-old man with a complement deficiency agrees to participate in a clinical study of immune mechanisms. The subject is unable to activate the complement system by the classical pathway, but he can activate the complement system by the alternate pathway. Deletion of which of the following components is consistent with these findings? A) C2 B) C3 C) C5 D) C8 E) Factor B F) Factor D OG) Factor H OH) von Willebrand factorOne of the common characteristics of lymphocytes (1), neutrophils, and macrophages) the resulting immunity is not specialized b) they are the second line of defense c) they are all white cells d) they produce a cellular responseSuperantigensa) are exceptionally large antigen molecules.b) cause a very large antibody response.c) elicit a response from a large number of T cells.d) attach non-specifically to B-cell receptors.e) assist in a protective immune response.
- Which of the following statements is correct regarding active and passive immunity? a) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. b) The antibodies utilized in passive immunity are acquired from another organism. C)A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body.Helper T cells: A) produce antibodies B) can act as memory cells C) initiate both the cell mediated response and the humoral response D) all of the aboveBoth antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in attaching to bacteria. What term best describes these? O 1) opsonins O 2) haptens O 3) pyogens O 4) perforins