An outbreak of Ebola between 2014 and 2016 resulted in 28,616 cases and 11,310 deaths in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. An additional 36 cases and 15 deaths were reported outside these 3 countries. This deadly disease urged the need for extensive research on Ebola to better understand and treat the disease and prevent future outbreaks. Ebola is a - SRNA virus. What does this mean for how it is converted into proteins? Does this virus require additional machinery to be infectious? Can you hypothesize based on how it eplicates in the cell what scientists might hope to target for treatment or prevention of Ebola?
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- The 1918 influenza strain killed millions of people world-wide. After recovering the virus from preserved lung tissue and sequencing the genome, which of the scientific findings did NOT account for the viruses lethality in humans? The hemagglutination protein was associated with high lung damage. The virus came directly from birds, without first circulating in pigs. The virus was independent from a cellular protease for cell entry, and utilized neuraminidase instead. The virus came from bats.There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (VCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (VCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes VCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from VCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. How can a prion replicate itself without genetic material?Palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal anitbody for the prohylaxis of resporatory diseases caused by respiratory syncytical virus (RSV) Researches added palivizumab ( or anitbody 101F as positive control) to RSV prior to incubation with human cells. Based on what you learned about palivizumab what does the data recorded below demonstrate about palivizumab mechanism of action?
- Each species of bacteria has its own distinctive cell surface. Thecharacteristics of the cell surface play an important role in processessuch as conjugation and transduction. For example, certainstrains of E. coli have pili on their cell surface. These pili enableE. coli to conjugate with other E. coli and also enable certain bacteriophages (such as M13) to bind to the surface of the E. coli andgain entry into the cytoplasm. With these ideas in mind, explainwhich forms of genetic transfer (i.e., conjugation, transduction,and transformation) are more likely to occur between different speciesof bacteria. Discuss some of the potential consequences ofinterspecies genetic transfer.Question 1 Why have the majority of viruses evolved to bind to a host surface receptor that serves an essential function in the host cell? This is completely accidental. These host receptors are poorly protected by the adaptive immune system, making them an easy target for the virus. O Because proteins that perform essential functions are located only on the surface of the host cell. O Host surface receptors that are essential for the host will always be expressed and present on the host.Actinomycin D inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Thisantibiotic is added to a bacterial culture in which a specific proteinis being monitored. Compared to a control culture, into which noantibiotic is added, translation of the protein declines over a periodof 20 minutes, until no further protein is made. Explain theseresults.
- MRSA are resistant to because they have a beta-lactam antibiotics including methicillin; mutant bacterial transpeptidase O tetracycline; mutant ribosomes O nucleases; mutant chromosome gyrase inhibitors; mutant helicaseYou are a bacteriologist studying a pathogenic protein (the “BAD” protein) that contributes to diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. BAD functions as an ab heterodimer, and the a subunit (25kD) and b subunit (75kD) are held together by an electrostatic interaction between K in the a subunit and D in the b subunit. You are trying to dissociate the BAD subunits to prevent pathogenesis in the bacteria. Which mutation would you make to prevent the BAD subunits from forming a dimer? Assume neutral pH. (A) introduce AAA to AGA point mutation in the a subunit gene(B) introduce GAC to GAG point mutation in the b subunit gene(C) introduce GAT to CGT point mutation in the b subunit gene(D) introduce two point mutations: AAG to GTG in the a subunit gene & GAC to CTC in the b subunit gene (E) introduce two point mutations: AAA to TGC in the a subunit gene & GAT to TGT in the b subunit geneCOVID-19 Research Every year, the United States and the world suffer a serious outbreak of emerging, re emerging or endemic disease. Using documented and reliable sources on the internet, find information about COVID-19 and its history. Please also list the souces used. Part 1: The History of COVID-19- respond to ALL questions Who first documented it? what was the first listed causal agent? Are there any identified vectors? What are the symptoms? What were some of the early treatments? Who identified the virus and what is the virus named? Why does this outbreak have gotten such a strong foothold? 2: The Virus Describe the structure of this virus including: its genetic material the configuration/ structure of its protein capsid which cells it infects, how that infection takes place. list symptoms and complications that can arise. what the first identified strain was, and list the current strains and what mutations have occurred to create the new versions (in general - not a…
- Let's imagine you have discovered a new RNA virus and found a cell line to grow the viruses (lucky you!). Early experiments show virus' genome to be single-stranded RNA but you are unsure if it is positive or negative RNA. Explain how using anisomycin, an eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor, could potentially provide an answer.You have discovered a new disease-causing virus. It has a negative sense RNA genome. Infected individuals often have few-to-no symptoms, but are continuously infectious to other individuals for months after initial infection. Which of the following is likely true about this virus? (Select all that apply) Its genome must first circularize before being translated into proteins It carries a replicase protein into a host cell upon infection. The symptoms of this virus exemplify a latent infection. The virus has infected every cell within an infected individual. The virus must first synthesize the complementary strand RNA before expressing new proteins. The symptoms of this virus exemplify a chronic infection.Different types of viruses have different types of genomes- some are double-stranded DNA, some are single-stranded DNA, some are double-stranded RNA, and some are single-stranded RNA. The Ebola virus genome is a piece of single-stranded RNA. Given this piece of information, do you expect it to see %Adenine = %Uracil and the %Guanine = %Cytosine? Why or why not?