An excavation is to be performed in a stratum of clay, 9 m thick, underlain by a bed of sand. In a trial bore hole, the ground-water is observed to rise up to an elevation 3 m below ground surface.Find the depth of which the excavation can be safely carried out without the bottom becoming unstable under uplift pressure of ground-water. The specific gravity of clay particles is 2.70 andthe void ratio is 0.70. If the excavation is to be safely carried to a depth of 7 m, how much should the water table be lowered in the vicinity of the trench ? a. 10m b. 6m c. 9m d. 8m

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Measuring site work, Excavation and Piling

Bid drawings typically include very little material about the precise requirements of site work operations, measuring site work and excavation work differs from measuring most other works on a construction project. The actual site work conditions are not provided and also the dimensions of the excavations are not known during the pre-construction phase. The precise measurement of the excavation and backfill of the earth material and topsoil is important for a contractor to decide upon the total cost required for the process. All the works should be carried out under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards to ensure the safety of the workers.