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- Define the following:
- Accidental proteinuria
- Functional proteinuria
- Renal proteinuria
- What is diuresis?
- What are diuretics?
- What is the effect of each substance in urine formation?
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- A 44-year-old man diagnosed with acute tubular necrosis has a blood urea nitrogen of 60 mg/dL and a blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL. A 2+ urine glucose is also reported. Questions:1. State the renal threshold for glucose.2. What is the significance of the positive urineglucose and normal blood glucose?What determines the amount of urine? What terms are used to indicate abnormalities in diuresis?Discuss the genetic defects that may cause renal failure. Examine the list of structural anomalies that are associated with urinary tract malformations and discuss how they are connected.
- Discuss the difference of pre-renal, renal and post-renal proteinuria. Give conditions to which they may be present.Potassium Sodium Identify the substances that are considered to be normal components of urine: Ketones Uric acid Urea Water Blood Glucose Ammonium x₂ Creatinine Microsoft Office Ho... Express VPNExplain the function of aldosterone and ADH and role each plays in urine formation. Pls include the effects on volume and concentration of urine.
- Indicate possible reasons for variations in urine clarity: -Clear -Hazy -Cloudy -Turbid -MilkyWhy do individuals with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secrete concentrated urine?How incontinence is associated with urine? What are the symptoms of urinary incontinence? What are the test or treatments used to determine the incontinence?
- The blood flow to the kidneys is transiently reduced during acute renal ischemia. How a decrease in blood flow to kidneys affects the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sodium absorption, and blood pressure. Describe how decreased blood flow is detected in the kidneys, and how it affects renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone secretion, sodium and fluid retention, and blood pressure.Explanation about this pathophysiology of Primary aldosteronism The most important factors that predict the pathophysiologic association of hypokalemia with primary aldosteronism are: aldosterone hypersecretion, which acts on the cortical collecting duct to stimulate potassium secretion into the tubular fluid, thus enhancing renal/urinary potassium wasting; adequate intravascular volume, which enables adequate water delivery (tubular flow rate) to the renal distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) and collecting ducts to enable renal potassium loss; and adequate dietary sodium intake, which, in turn, increases total body potassium and renal/tubular sodium delivery and, thus, enhances renal potassium loss via the countercurrent transport system.Match the following abnormal urine exam findings with the disease conditions: Hematuria Glycosuria Pyuria Reduced specific gravity Albuminuria Previous renal failure leukocyte esterase + UTI, renal stones excessively dilute urine hyperbilirubinemia Diabetes mellitus excessively concentrated urine Hypertension 2