A processor takes 24 cycles to complete an instruction 1 with frequency 4 GHz. The corresponding pipelined uses 6 stages with the execution times of 4, 3, 6, 2, 5, and 2 cycles respectively with frequency 2 GHz. What is the asymptotic speedup assuming that a very large number of instructions are to be executed?
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- Execution sequence of instructions in a pipelined processor can be visualized using a space-time diagram. Consider a processor having 4 stages and let there be 2 instructions to be executed. We can visualize the execution sequence through the space-time diagrams of “Non-overlapped execution” and “overlapped execution”.A pipelined CPU is designed with 2 GHz clocks with 5 stages. Let there is no hazard, the amount of time required to execute 50 instructions program is nano seconds.Assume a 5-stage pipelined CPU (IF – ID – MU– EX – WR) requires following time for differentsections: Pipeline stages ----Required time Fetch Unit ---15 nsDecode Unit ---10 nsMemory Unit---- 20 nsExecution Unit---- 8 nsWrite back Unit ----15 ns The maximum delay required to transfer contents from one state to another is 2ns.a) Show the time steps of pipelining stages for the first 10 instructions of a program. Assume thatInstruction-4 is a conditional loop instruction. If the condition is TRUE, CPU runs instructions:7 - 9 twice. Please note that a single-port RAM is used with the system, such that CPU readonly one data from RAM or save only one data to RAM at a time. Calculate the execution timefor the first 10 instructions of a program as well. Assume the condition is evaluated TRUE.
- An instruction pipeline has tive stages mely. instruction fetch (IF), instruction ecode and register fetch (ID/RF), instruction ocution (EX), memory access (MEM), and ester writeback (WB) with stage latencies I s 22 ns, 2 ns, I ns, and 0.75 ns, espectively (ns stands for nanoseconds). To pin in terms of frequency, the designers have decided to split the ID RF stage into threeThe machines that use MISD are systolic arrays. A systolic array is a "wavefront" or data processing pipeline. Because data triggers execution, these sections don't need programme counters and may function independently. When all of the clocks in a systolic array are synchronized, the CPUs are able to do calculations in what is called "lock-step."The instruction pipeline of a RISC processor has the following stages. Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction Decode (ID), Operand Fetch (OF), Perform Operation (PO) and Writeback (WB). The IF, ID, OF and WB stages take 1 clock cycle each for every instruction. Consider a sequence of 100 instructions. In the PO stage, 40 instructions take 3 clock eveles each, 35 instructions take 2 clock cycles each, and the remaining 25 instructions take 1 clock cycle each. Assume that there are no data hazards and no control hazards. The number of clock cycles required for completion of execution of the sequence of instructions is
- A microprocessor scans the status of an output I/O device every 20 ms. This is accom- plished by means of a timer alerting the processor every 20 ms. The interface of the device includes two ports: one for status and one for data output. How long does it take to scan and service the device given a clocking rate of 8 MHz? Assume for sim- plicity that all pertinent instruction cycles take 12 clock cycles.A MISD machine is an example of a systolic array, a kind of array. Data processing units are organized into a "wavefront" in a systolic array. All of these components do not need the use of a program counter since execution is initiated when new data is received. Lock-step computation is achieved in a clocked-systolic array, where each unit completes its alternating calculation and communication phases in the same clock cycle.Systolic arrays run MISD. Systolic arrays are data processing pipelines, or wavefronts. These sections may operate without programme counters since data initiates execution. To allow "lock-step" computing, systolic array CPUs with synchronised clocks alternate between computation and communication phases.
- MISD machines are systolic arrays. Systolic arrays form "wavefronts" of data processing units. When fresh data starts execution, none of these components require a program counter. In a clocked-systolic array, each unit completes its alternating calculation and communication phases in the same clock cycle for lock-step processing.Consider a non-pipelined processor with a clock rate of 2.5 gigahertz and average cycles per instruction of four. The same processor is upgraded to a pipelined processor with five stages; but due to the internal pipeline delay, the clock speed is reduced to 2 gigahertz. Assume that there are no stalls in the pipeline. The speed up achieved in this pipelined processor isIn the case of a MISD machine, one example is a systolic array, which is another kind of array. It is a pipeline network, sometimes known as a "wavefront," of data processing units that is organized in the form of a network. Because execution is initiated by the receipt of new data, none of these components need the employment of a program counter throughout their operation. The computations of each unit in the clock-synchronized systolic array are performed in "lock-step," with each unit completing alternating calculation and communication phases in a single clock cycle?