A hormone epinephrine binds to G-protein coupled receptor and activate multiple signaling pathways to induce "fight- or-flight" response. In these signaling pathways, which enzyme is responsible for the generation of IP3, a second messenger for calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum? O adenylyl cyclase O protein kinase C O protein kinase A O phospholipase C O calmodulin

A hormone epinephrine binds to G-protein coupled receptor and activate multiple signaling pathways to induce "fight- or-flight" response. In these signaling pathways, which enzyme is responsible for the generation of IP3, a second messenger for calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum? O adenylyl cyclase O protein kinase C O protein kinase A O phospholipase C O calmodulin

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter9: Cell Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1VCQ: Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is...

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The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Epinephrine Plasma Membrane Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor (GDP (GDP G Protein GTP GTP Adenylyl Cyclase O It breaks down glycogen O it inhibits the glycolysis process it binds to adenylyl cyclase It phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase It is inhibited by Cyclic AMP ATP Cyclic AMP Protein Kinase A -ATP ADP Phosphorylase Kinase -ATP ADP Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen Glucose-1-Phosphate Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells Which is true of Protein Kinase A? Glycolysis
Histamine is a chemical substance released in inflammatory and allergic response. The histamine H1 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates phospholipase C in response to the binding of histamine. Arrange the data below showing the process of histamine signal transduction from the H1 receptor. Calcium ions flow through ligand-gated ion channel. Phosphorylation cascade leads to the activation of a cellular response. Calcioum ions activate a protein, leading to a cellular response. Enzyme cleaves PIP2, forming DAG and IP3. Calcium iom concentration increases in the cytosol. IP3 binds to a ligand-gated ion channel in thw ER membrane.
Label the molecules in this figure showing how IP3 and DAG function as second messengers. Note: not all labels are used. IP3 and calcium activating protein kinase C Activated phospholipase C DAG triggering calcium release Activated G-protein with GTR bound Siy IP3 triggering calcium release Phosphatidyl inositol Ligand bound to receptor DAG and calcium activating protein kinase C Activated G-protein with GDP bound Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. TH ,,
Which of the following are activated either directly or indirectly by a heterotrimeric G protein subunit (select all that apply)? O IP, receptor O PIP3-dependent protein kinase O Protein Kinase A O Akt O Phospholipase C O Adenylyl cyclase O Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Which of the following is the best description of how a G protein coupled receptor responds to a ligand binding? O Binding of ligand to the receptor causes the G protein to swap out GTP for GDP Binding of ligand to the receptor causes the G proteins to dimerize and trigger cross-phosphorylation Binding of ligand to the receptor causes the G protein to become activated, then the G protein travels through the plasma membrane to activate an enzyme Binding of ligand to the G protein triggers it to swap out GDP for GTP, causing it to become activated OOO O
The figure below shows a signaling pathway activated by the bindiıng of adrehalMNe LU the beta-adrenergic receptor. Binding of adrenaline to the receptor causes GTP-binding and activation of G proteins. Active GTP-bound G protein activates adenylate cyclase to initiate a signaling cascade that affects cellular responses, and includes cellular changes to mediate increased heart rate and accounts for the flight-or-fight response. activated adenylate cyclase adrenaline activated B-adrenergic receptor adenylate cyclase G protein subunit 22 GTP SDP conformational ATP CAMP change in receptor heterotrimeric G protein ACAMP inactive protein kinase A active protein kinase A 4 cellular responses Consider the homozygous mutation in which a cell produces a variant of adenylate cyclase that can no longer be activated Which of the following are true in this cell? Select all that apply. Heart rate increases Protein Kinase A is not activated CAMP levels are lower than normal Heart rate decreases
An active Gai ultimately prevents production of its pathways second messengers, which means those second messengers are unable to activate the enzyme O phospholipase C O protein kinase A O adenylyl cyclase phosphodiesterase protein kinase C
A drug binds to a receptor and causes an immediate change in the electrical signaling or excitability of that cell, without activating another signaling molecule. What type of receptor is this drug most likely binding to? G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Ligand-gated ion channel Enzyme-coupled receptor Intracellular receptor Voltage-gated ion channel
2. Following Figure shows that intracellular signaling pathways can be highly interconnected? signal molecule plasma membrane activated GPCR activated RTK G protein G protein → phospholipase C PI 3-kinase Ras-GEF phosphorylated inositol phospholipid adenylyl cyclase IP3 diacylglycerol Ras Ca+ MAP kinase kinase kinase cyclic AMP protein kinase 1 calmodulin MAP kinase kinase PKA CaM-kinase РКС MAP kinase Akt kinase ALTERED CELL BEHAVIOR ECB4 EQ16.51/Q16.61 From the information in above Figure, which of the following statements is incorrect, and explain your opinion(explanation)? A. The GPCR and the RTK both activate phospholipase C. B. Activation of either the GPCR or the RTK will lead to activation of transcriptional regulators. C. CaM-kinase is only activated when the GPCR is active and not when the RTK is active. D. Ras is activated only when the RTK is active and not when the GPCR is active.
The figure below shows a signaling pathway activated by the binding of adrenaline to the beta-adrenergic receptor. Binding of adrenaline to the receptor causes GTP-binding and activation of G proteins. Active GTP-bound G protein activates adenylate cyclase to initiate a signaling cascade that affects cellular responses. activated adrenaline activated B-adrenergic receptor adenylate cyclase adenylate cyclase G protein subunit 2 OLLE GTP 3. GDP conformational CAMP ATP change in receptor heterotrimeric G protein ACAMP inactive protein kinase A active protein kinase A cellular responses In which of the conditions would you see a constitutive activation of adenylate cyclase independent of adrenaline hormone? Cells have a adrenergic receptor that constitutively activates the G proteins in the absence of ligand Cells are treated with cholera toxin that locks the activated G proteins in their GTP bound form Cells are treated with pertussis toxin that locks the G proteins in their GDP bound…
Which of the following occurs once the lipid-soluble hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm? Identify the most correct answer. O The hormone binds directly to the DNA in the nucleus. O The hormone binds to its specific receptor in the plasma membrane. O The hormone binds to its specific receptor and another receptor binds forming a dimer. O The hormone binds to another transport protein in the cytoplasm. Save for Later 80 F5 F6 F7 Attempts: 0 of 3 used F8 F9 Submit Answer F10
Pathway divergence occurs when: signaling pathways use a common intermediate one signaling pathway triggers another O signaling pathways produce the same outcome signaling pathways split to produce multiple outcomes Question 8 Where are receptor tyrosine kinases usually phosphorylated? O tyrosine residues in the allosteric regulatory portion tyrosine residues in the N-terminal portion tyrosine residues in the transmembrane portion O tyrosine residues in the C-terminal portion