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- Costco Spend $1B on advertising Spend $1.5B on advertising Spend $1B on advertising $3.5B; $2.7B $4.2; $2.2B Target Spend $1.5B on advertising $3.2B; $3.4B $4B; $3BConsider the following game: Player 2 In Out Player 1 In -2,-2 2, 0 Out 0, 2 0, 0 (a) What is the Nash equilibrium of this game, or what are the Nash equilibriaof this game? (b) Does either firm have a dominate strategy (a strategy that is always abest response)? Which? (c) Suppose Player 1 could move before Player 2 and Player 2 could observe Player 1’s move. What do you think would happen?rock paper scissors гock 0. -3 1 рарer 1. -1 scissors -1 3 0. (a) Show that xT= ( ) and yT= (3) together are not a Nash equilibrium 3 3 313 for this modified game. (b) Formulate a linear program that can be used to calculate a mixed strategy x € A(R) that maximises Rosemary's security level for this modified game. (c) Solve your linear program using the 2-phase simplex algorithm. You should use the format given in lectures. Give a mixed strategy x E A(R) that has an optimal security level for Rosemary and a mixed strategy y E A(C) that has an optimal security level for Colin.
- Suppose now we alter the game so that whenever Colin chooses "paper" the loser pays the winner 3 instead of 1: rock paper scissors rock 0. -3 1 1. раper scissors -1 -1 3 (a) Show that xT= (,) and yT= (5) together are not a Nash equilibrium 3'31 for this modified 3'3 game. (b) Formulate a linear program that can be used to calculate a mixed strategy x € A(R) that maximises Rosemary's security level for this modified game. (c) Solve your linear program using the 2-phase simplex algorithm. You should use the format given in lectures. Give a mixed strategy x E A(R) that has an optimal security level for Rosemary and a mixed strategy y E A(C) that has an optimal security level for Colin.5. Aaron and Betty play the following one-shot game. Aaron Up Middle Down Left 10,0 5,10 1,1 Betty Right 0,5 1,0 2,2 a. Does the game above have any (pure strategy) Nash equilibria? Find any equilibria or explain why an equilibrium doesn't exist. b. Suppose instead that Aaron moves first and Betty moves second. Represent this situation with a game tree and find the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium. Are Aaron and Betty better off playing a simultaneous game or a sequential game in which Aaron moves first? Explain. c.1. Suppose the following prisoner's dilemma is played twice with the payoff for the entire game being the sum of the payoffs from the two stages. Assume there is no discounting. Player 1 B Player 2 B 2,6 3,3 A 5,5 6,2 a. What is the Nash equilibrium for stage two? b. Show what the game in stage 1 amounts to when the players anticipate the Nash equilibrium for stage 2. c. Provide the subgame-perfect outcome for this game.
- 1. Static and Dynamic Game. Consider the following 2-by-2 game: C D 1A (1,10) (1,1) B (2, a) (0,1) (a) erwise, find the pure-strategy Nash equilibria, if any of this game. (There is no need to look for equilibria in mixed strategies) Assume for now that a = 2. Using dominant strategies or oth- (b) Now, consider the dynamic game in which player 1 moves before player 2, and the payoffs remain unchanged. i.: possible strategies for each player? Recall that a strategy profile for a player not at the initial node of the game tree must specify an action for the player at every node. Draw the game tree for this dynamic game. What are the ii "Find the backward-induction solution(s) to this game. Calculate the equilibrium payoffs for each player. Com- pared to the simultaneous game, is there a first-mover advantage or a ii. second-mover advantage? (c) Now, assume that a = 0 in the original static game. i. Find all the Nash equilibria in pure and mixed strategies. Denoting p the probability…Consider the following two player extensive form game. メ (2,5) (4,) (3,5) a. Find the induced normal form of the given extensive form game using the pure strategies of the players. Find out all the possible Nash Equilibrium of this game. b. From the Nash Equilibrium you are getting in part a., which one is subgame perfect Nash Equilibrium? Explain with appropriate reasons. c. Explain why the NE in part b. is credible. (Use maximum 3 sentences):1. Consider the following sequential game: Left (3,5) Mary Go (6,4) Up Right John Stop (5.7) John (a) Draw the game tree of the game. John Go Down (4,1) Left Mary Stop (2,5) Right (6,-1) (John as player 1 and Mary as player 2) By backward induction, find a Nash equilibrium and the corresponding payoffs. 2. Eve and Noa start with $10 in each of their piles. They take turns choosing one of two actions, continue or stop, with Eve choosing first. Each time a player says continue, $10 will be removed from her pile, and $20 will be added to the other player's pile. The game automatically stops when the total amount in their piles reaches $60. (Eve as player 1 and Noa as player 2) (b) By backward induction, find a Nash equilibrium and the corresponding payoffs.
- 3. Determine the Nash Equilibrium for the following normal form of the game. A) MARY B) UP DOWN PLAYER 1 HARLEY UP (10, 10) (4,8) LEFT (3,0) UP MIDDLE (1, 1) DOWN (0,1) DOWN (8,4) (5,5) PLAYER 2 CENTER RIGHT (2,1) (1,1) (4,2) (0,0) (5,0) (0,1)4. Correlated EquilibriaConstruct an example (not one from class or the reading) of a Normal form game with a correlated equilibrium that is not a Nash equilibrium.8. Use the payoffs T> R > P> S to make the game to the right the Prisoner's Dilemma. Use each payoff once per player. DO NOT substitute numerical values for the symbolic payoffs. defect cooperate Defect Cooperate a. Under what conditions (on t) is the Grim Trigger Strategy a Nash equilibrium for the repeated version of the game when t is the expected number of additional periods. b. Provide intuition for the conditions that you found in (a). Also provide a graph with payoffs on the Y-axis and time on the X-axis that supports you intuition. Note: in deriving your answer you do not need to make a new game box. Be judicious about the payoffs that you compare.