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- 1. In bacteria, Which of the following mechanisms is the least probable in promoting antibiotic resistance? A. receive a gene or genes that code for capsule production B. receive a gene or genes that code for a “multidrug resistant” bomb C. a chromosomal mutation that alters membrane permeability D. a chromosomal mutation that alters the shape of the drug receptor E. receiving a gene that codes for an enzyme that destroys a particular antibiotic 2. Why are Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections difficult to treat? A. Because they form biofilms, which are difficult for antibiotics to penetrate. B. Because they have a special endotoxin that degrades many antibiotics. C. Because we do not have any antibiotics that target P. aeruginosa. D. Because they are gram-positive bacteria, which are harder to treat. 3. Which of the following drugs is not used primarily to treat tuberculosis A. ethambutol B. rifampin C. isoniazid D. sulfonamide45. The molecule that leads most directly to the release of internal stores of calcium in signal transduction is a. cAMP b. ATP C. DAG d. IP, e. MAPK asapEnzymes that have binding sites for modulators are specifically called a. zymogens b. quaternary proteins c. induced enzymes d. allosteric enzymes
- 6. Nucleotides are more acidic than nucleosides and nitrogenous bases.7. Similar to aromatic amino acids, the sugar-phosphate backbone also absorbs a wavelength of 260 to 280 nm.8. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate relays the primary signal to the target mechanism inside the cell.9. Adenine has higher UV absorbing capacity compared to thymine.10. Adenine and guanine are more soluble in aqueous solutions compared to adenosine and guanosine.29. Dr. Doom wants to prevent a cell from entering the lysogenic pathway, which gene controlled by PRM would Dr. Doom target for inactivation? Group of answer choices 1. cro 2. cI 3. cII 4. QThe extrinsic apoptotic pathway invloves which caspase? OA. Caspase-6 OB. Caspase-5 OcC. Caspase-7 OD. Caspase-8 The anti-apoptotic Bcl2 Family members are the only proteins that have which homology domain? A. BH1 В. ВНЗ С. В4 D. BH2
- 3.Cell surface receptors used in cell signalling are usually proteins that extend from one sid of the membrane to the other side of the membrane. What is the role of the extracellular part of the protein? A. binding the signalling molecule B. functioning as an enzyme C. increasing the solubility of the receptor D. transmitting the signal from the target cell3. The role of the cytoskeleton in Hedgehog signaling (actin rearrangements, microtubules)a. The Smoothened protein localizes to the primary cilium of the target cells. Suppose there is amutation that impairs a protein involved in basal body formation. How do you think would thisaffect signaling through Smoothened? Make sure to define basal body, explain its function, andrelate it to Smoothened signaling. b. Cos2 and Fu bind to microtubules, localizing Ci/Gli to the cytoplasm. How do you think a mutationin a microtubule associated protein (MAP) that functions to stabilize microtubules would affectboth the microtubules and Hedgehog signaling? Make sure to describe the role of the protein,regulation of microtubule dynamics, and how this might affect cells when Hedgehog is bothpresent and absent.1.create a Graphical Abstract to summarise the role of ALP in cancer?With image
- of gene. 12. Steroid hormone receptor complex binds to the A. transcription start site B. promoter region C. coding sequences D. poly-A sequence E. untranslated regions7.The APC protein ----. a. is essential for degrading B-catenin. b. causes increased activation of B-catenin c. helps to regulate cell motility d. a and c e. b and c 8. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the pRb protein? a. pRb is functionally inactive when it is hyperphosphorylated. b. RRb is mostly unphosphorylated during the G0 phase of the cell cycle. c. pRb promotes growth during early G1 phase. d. RRb phosphorylation is initiated by D-type cyclins and CDK4/6. e. pRb is functionally inactivated at the R point. 9. In a normal cell, signals from the external environment determine whether the cell will proliferate during what phase(s) of the cell cycle? a. The S phase only b. The G1 phase only c. The G2 phase only d. All phases of the cell cycle6. An individual contracts an infection and this results in the production of soluble proteins that act as signalling molecules between cells. Outline and differentiate the various biological activities of these molecules.