Associated SNPsoutside of geneno effect on proteinproduction or functionTGAssociated SNPswithin geneno effect on protein.production or functionRegulatory sequencesACoding regionCTwww.Biolnteractive.orgNoncoding SNP:changes amount ofprotein producedUnassociated SNPfar from geneCausative SNPswithin geneon same chromosomeor different chromosomeProteinCoding SNP:changes aminoacid sequenceFigure 3. A diagramshowing various ways.in which a SNP could beassociated with acertain gene and itstrait.GWAS in the NewsRead the following news release, which describes a GWAS study with dogs. Note that a dog's coat refers to itsfur or hair.Variants in Three Genes Account for Most Dog Coat DifferencesVariants in just three genes acting in different combinations account for the wide range of coat textures seen indogs from the poodle's tight curls to the beagle's stick-straight fur. A team led by researchers from theNational Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), part of the National Institutes of Health, reports thesefindings today in the advance online issue of the journal Science."This study is an elegant example of using genomic techniques to unravel the genetic basis of biologicaldiversity," said NHGRI Scientific Director Eric Green, M.D., Ph.D. "Genomics continues to gain new insights fromthe amazing morphological differences seen across the canine species, including many that give clues abouthuman biology and disease."Until now, relatively little was known about the genes influencing the length, growth pattern and texture of thecoats of dogs. The researchers performed a genome-wide scan of specific signposts of DNA variation, calledsingle nucleotide polymorphisms, in 1,000 individual dogs representing 80 breeds. These data were comparedwith descriptions of various coat types. Three distinct genetic variants emerged to explain, in combination,virtually all dog hair types."What's important for human health is the way we found the genes involved in dog coats and figured out howthey work together, rather than the genes themselves," said Elaine A. Ostrander, Ph.D., chief of the CancerGenetics Branch in NHGRI's Division of Intramural Research. "We think this approach will help pinpoint multiplegenes involved in complex human conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes and obesity."Updated November 2020Page 3 of 7ActivityStudent Handouthhmi BiolnteractiveMapping Genes to Traits in Dogs Using SNPsArtificial selection, at the heart of breeding for desirable traits in domesticated animals, hasyielded rapid change in a short span of canine history. While researchers estimate that modern dog breedsdiverged from wolves some 15,000 years ago, the genetic changes in the dog genome that create multiple coattypes are more likely to have been pursued by breeders in just the past 200 years. In fact, short-haired breeds,such as the beagle, display the original, more wolf-like versions of the three genes identified in the study.Modern dog breeds are part of a unique population structure, having been selectively bred for many years.Based on this structure, the researchers were able to break down a complex phenotype-coat - into possiblegenetic variations. "When we put these genetic variants back together in different combinations, we found thatwe could create most of the coat varieties seen in what is among the most diverse species in the world thedog," Dr. Ostrander said. "If we can decipher the genetic basis for a complex trait such as the dog's coat, webelieve that we can do it as well with complex diseases."-Excerpt from a National Institutes of Health (NIH) News Release published August 27, 2009Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the reading. 6. In two or three sentences, describe how scientists identified these genes.7. Why do you think it is important to analyze the DNA of many dogs when doing this research?8. Humans have SNPs too. In general, how might GWAS studies with dogs benefit humans?PART 2: Applying GWAS to Dog Fur ColorLet's explore how a GWAS works using a simple example that compares two groups of dogs: dogs with black furand dogs with white fur. Table 1 shows the dogs' SNP alleles at 17 specific locations in the genome. Thesespecific locations in the genome are called loci (singular: locus). The SNP alleles at each locus are represented bytwo nucleotides, one from each parental chromosome.Table 1. SNP alleles at 17 different loci in dogs with black fur (first four rows) and dogs with white fur (last four rows).1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17CC AT CC GG AA TC TT CC GG AA TT GT AG AA CC GG AT4*A5:3333569CC AT AC GG GG TT TT CC GG AG TT GG AG AG CC GG ATCC AA AC CG GG TT TT CT GG AA TT GT AG AG CC TT ATCC AA AC GG AG TT TT CT GG GG TT GG AG AG CC GT ATCC AT CC CG|AA|TT|AA|CT|GG|AA|TT|GT|AA|AA|CC|GT ATCC AT CC GG AATTAA TC|GG|AA|TT|GG|AG AA CC GG TTCC AT CC GG AA TT AA CC GG AA TT GG AA AA CC GT ATCC AA CC GG AG TT AA TC|GG|GG|TT|GG|AA|AA|CC|TT| ATIf a SNP is found much more frequently in dogs with white fur than in dogs with black fur, the SNP is associatedwith the white fur color.9. Give two possible reasons for why a SNP would be associated with a trait like fur color.To determine whether any of the SNPs in Table 1 are associated with fur color, you can compare the SNPs of thedogs with black fur to those of the dogs with white fur. A SNP is completely associated with fur color if alldogs with white fur share the same alleles at that position, and all dogs with black fur share different allelesat that position. A SNP that is completely associated with a trait is likely located within or close to a generesponsible for that trait.10. Which SNP in Table 1 do you think is completely associated with fur color? Explain the reasoning for yourchoice.A SNP is completely unassociated with fur color if its alleles occur with equal frequency in dogs with black furand dogs with white fur. A SNP that is completely unassociated with a trait is unlikely to be located within ornear the gene responsible for that trait.11. Which SNPs in Table 1 do you think are completely unassociated with fur color? Explain the reasoning foryour choices. (Hint: There are five in total.)The other SNPs in Table 1 have varying strengths of association with fur color. You'll learn more about how toevaluate the strength of an association in the next part of this activity. For the question below, make your bestguess based on what you've learned so far.12. Which SNP in Table 1 do you think has the next strongest association with fur color, after the completelyassociated SNP you identified in Question 10? Explain the reasoning for your choice.

Question

Associated SNPsoutside of geneno effect on proteinproduction or functionTGAssociated SNPswithin geneno effect on protein.production or functionRegulatory sequencesACoding regionCTwww.Biolnteractive.orgNoncoding SNP:changes amount ofprotein producedUnassociated SNPfar from geneCausative SNPswithin geneon same chromosomeor different chromosomeProteinCoding SNP:changes aminoacid sequenceFigure 3. A diagramshowing various ways.in which a SNP could beassociated with acertain gene and itstrait.GWAS in the NewsRead the following news release, which describes a GWAS study with dogs. Note that a dog's coat refers to itsfur or hair.Variants in Three Genes Account for Most Dog Coat DifferencesVariants in just three genes acting in different combinations account for the wide range of coat textures seen indogs from the poodle's tight curls to the beagle's stick-straight fur. A team led by researchers from theNational Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), part of the National Institutes of Health, reports thesefindings today in the advance online issue of the journal Science.&#34;This study is an elegant example of using genomic techniques to unravel the genetic basis of biologicaldiversity,&#34; said NHGRI Scientific Director Eric Green, M.D., Ph.D. &#34;Genomics continues to gain new insights fromthe amazing morphological differences seen across the canine species, including many that give clues abouthuman biology and disease.&#34;Until now, relatively little was known about the genes influencing the length, growth pattern and texture of thecoats of dogs. The researchers performed a genome-wide scan of specific signposts of DNA variation, calledsingle nucleotide polymorphisms, in 1,000 individual dogs representing 80 breeds. These data were comparedwith descriptions of various coat types. Three distinct genetic variants emerged to explain, in combination,virtually all dog hair types.&#34;What's important for human health is the way we found the genes involved in dog coats and figured out howthey work together, rather than the genes themselves,&#34; said Elaine A. Ostrander, Ph.D., chief of the CancerGenetics Branch in NHGRI's Division of Intramural Research. &#34;We think this approach will help pinpoint multiplegenes involved in complex human conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes and obesity.&#34;Updated November 2020Page 3 of 7ActivityStudent Handouthhmi BiolnteractiveMapping Genes to Traits in Dogs Using SNPsArtificial selection, at the heart of breeding for desirable traits in domesticated animals, hasyielded rapid change in a short span of canine history. While researchers estimate that modern dog breedsdiverged from wolves some 15,000 years ago, the genetic changes in the dog genome that create multiple coattypes are more likely to have been pursued by breeders in just the past 200 years. In fact, short-haired breeds,such as the beagle, display the original, more wolf-like versions of the three genes identified in the study.Modern dog breeds are part of a unique population structure, having been selectively bred for many years.Based on this structure, the researchers were able to break down a complex phenotype-coat - into possiblegenetic variations. &#34;When we put these genetic variants back together in different combinations, we found thatwe could create most of the coat varieties seen in what is among the most diverse species in the world thedog,&#34; Dr. Ostrander said. &#34;If we can decipher the genetic basis for a complex trait such as the dog's coat, webelieve that we can do it as well with complex diseases.&#34;-Excerpt from a National Institutes of Health (NIH) News Release published August 27, 2009Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the reading. 6. In two or three sentences, describe how scientists identified these genes.7. Why do you think it is important to analyze the DNA of many dogs when doing this research?8. Humans have SNPs too. In general, how might GWAS studies with dogs benefit humans?PART 2: Applying GWAS to Dog Fur ColorLet's explore how a GWAS works using a simple example that compares two groups of dogs: dogs with black furand dogs with white fur. Table 1 shows the dogs' SNP alleles at 17 specific locations in the genome. Thesespecific locations in the genome are called loci (singular: locus). The SNP alleles at each locus are represented bytwo nucleotides, one from each parental chromosome.Table 1. SNP alleles at 17 different loci in dogs with black fur (first four rows) and dogs with white fur (last four rows).1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17CC AT CC GG AA TC TT CC GG AA TT GT AG AA CC GG AT4*A5:3333569CC AT AC GG GG TT TT CC GG AG TT GG AG AG CC GG ATCC AA AC CG GG TT TT CT GG AA TT GT AG AG CC TT ATCC AA AC GG AG TT TT CT GG GG TT GG AG AG CC GT ATCC AT CC CG|AA|TT|AA|CT|GG|AA|TT|GT|AA|AA|CC|GT ATCC AT CC GG AATTAA TC|GG|AA|TT|GG|AG AA CC GG TTCC AT CC GG AA TT AA CC GG AA TT GG AA AA CC GT ATCC AA CC GG AG TT AA TC|GG|GG|TT|GG|AA|AA|CC|TT| ATIf a SNP is found much more frequently in dogs with white fur than in dogs with black fur, the SNP is associatedwith the white fur color.9. Give two possible reasons for why a SNP would be associated with a trait like fur color.To determine whether any of the SNPs in Table 1 are associated with fur color, you can compare the SNPs of thedogs with black fur to those of the dogs with white fur. A SNP is completely associated with fur color if alldogs with white fur share the same alleles at that position, and all dogs with black fur share different allelesat that position. A SNP that is completely associated with a trait is likely located within or close to a generesponsible for that trait.10. Which SNP in Table 1 do you think is completely associated with fur color? Explain the reasoning for yourchoice.A SNP is completely unassociated with fur color if its alleles occur with equal frequency in dogs with black furand dogs with white fur. A SNP that is completely unassociated with a trait is unlikely to be located within ornear the gene responsible for that trait.11. Which SNPs in Table 1 do you think are completely unassociated with fur color? Explain the reasoning foryour choices. (Hint: There are five in total.)The other SNPs in Table 1 have varying strengths of association with fur color. You'll learn more about how toevaluate the strength of an association in the next part of this activity. For the question below, make your bestguess based on what you've learned so far.12. Which SNP in Table 1 do you think has the next strongest association with fur color, after the completelyassociated SNP you identified in Question 10? Explain the reasoning for your choice.

Accepted Answer

Suppose a gene alteration raises the chance of high blood pressure, but no one knows where that gene…

6. In two or three sentences, describe how scientists identified these genes. 7. Why do you think it is important to analyze the DNA of many dogs when doing this research? 8. Humans have SNPs too. In general, how might GWAS studies with dogs benefit humans?