6. A fish inherits a mutation that results in a new regulatory switch ("eye switch") that regulates Pitx1 expression in the eye. This new switch binds a particular activator found in the tissues of the eye (activator 3). See Figure 3. Eye switch Pituitary switch Jaw Pelvic switch switch Figure 3 Where would you expect Pitx1 to be expressed? ☐ jaw ☐ pelvis Pitx1 Activator 3 PROROKORO RO RO Q ☐ eye ☐ Pituitary

6. A fish inherits a mutation that results in a new regulatory switch ("eye switch") that regulates Pitx1 expression in the eye. This new switch binds a particular activator found in the tissues of the eye (activator 3). See Figure 3. Eye switch Pituitary switch Jaw Pelvic switch switch Figure 3 Where would you expect Pitx1 to be expressed? ☐ jaw ☐ pelvis Pitx1 Activator 3 PROROKORO RO RO Q ☐ eye ☐ Pituitary

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter37: The Endocrine System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1VCQ: Figure 37.5 Heat shock proteins (HSP) are so named because they help refold misfolded proteins. In...

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When growth hormone binds to an enzyme-linked receptor, (a) G proteins are amplified into a cascade of molecules (b) the enzyme portion of the receptor becomes dephosphorylated (c) the receptor becomes activated and phosphorylates signaling proteins in the cell (d) an ion channel is opened (e) an immediate signal is sent into the nucleus, and specific genes are activated or inhibited
A scientific study demonstrated that rat mothering behavior impacts the stress response in their pups. Rats that were born and grew up with attentive mothers showed low activation of stress-response genes later in life, while rats with inattentive mothers had high activation of stress-response genes in the same situation. An additional study that swapped the pups at birth (i.e., rats born to inattentive mothers grew up with attentive mothers and vice versa) showed the same positive effect of attentive mothering. How do genetics and/or epigenetics explain the results of this study?
Figure 37.5 Heat shock proteins (HSP) are so named because they help refold misfolded proteins. In response to increased temperature (a “heat shock"), heat shock proteins are activated by release from the NR/HSP complex. At the same time, transcription of HSP genes is activated. Why do you think the cell responds to a heat shock by increasing the activity of proteins that help refold misfolded proteins?
2. Choose the correct statements about the eye development A. Hh, which is expressed by the developing photoreceptors in the posterior eye disc, induces cells in the morphogenetic furrow (MF) to express DPP, which is the ligand of DPP (BMP) signaling. B. Wg and Notch signaling inhibit while Hh and DPP promote the co-expression of RD genes including Ey (Eyeless) and Eya (Eyes absent) in the preproneural (PPN) domain anterior to the MF. C. Eya, sine oculis (so), and Eyg (Eyegone) are the retinal determination (RD) network genes required for retinal determination and induction of atonal expression. D. EGFR signaling is required for the differentiation of all the photoreceptor neurons after R8 determination. In addition EGFR signaling is also required for maintaining cell survival in posterior eye discs. E. During Drosophila eye development, cell proliferation in the second mitotic wave is required to provide sufficient undifferentiated cells surrounding the differentiating photoreceptors…
8. Explain the steps that lead to phosphorylation (activation) of Akt by EGFR receptor. 9. Explain the difference between the heterotrimeric G-protein of a G-protein coupled receptor and a small G-protein like Ras. 10. Explain how binding of odorants to their receptors triggers activation of adenylate cyclase.
1. Which G protein activates Phospholipase C (PLC)? 2. What phospholipid does PLC cleave to produce second messengers? 3. What are the properties of these 2 second messengers? 4. Which second messenger opens a ligand gated ion channel in the ER? 5. Which hydrophobic second messenger activates protein kinase C? 6. Which hydrophilic second messenger activates protein kinase C by increasing cytosolic Ca2+ levels which allows Ca2+ to bind to PKC? Kinases 2 Phosphatidylinositol (PI) PI 3-kinase PLC PI 4,5-bis-phosphate (PI-4,5-bisP) Plasma membrane cog Diacylglycerol (DAG) Inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate (IP3) Second messengers PI 3,4,5-tris-phosphate (PI-3,4,5-trisP) domains 000 Docking site for pleckstrin homology Cell membrane PIP 20 Phospholipase C cleavage IP 3 VIVAL ER membrane 00 Calcium ion iii DAG Calcium ion Figure 13.12 Biochemistry, Third Edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company Diacylglycerol (DAG) Protein kinase C IP 3 receptor MY 99 Cytoplasm
2. Researchers have discovered significant changes in the gene of some protein, which is a substrate for the insulin receptor. What impact on the insulin signal transduction would such changes have? For the answer: a) draw the scheme of insulin signal transduction in the target cell; b) name proteins and enzymes, activated by insulin in the target cells; c) explain the functions of these enzymes.
3) The sex of some reptiles, including the American alligator, is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. For example, incubating them at 33°C produces mostly males, while incubation at 30°C produces mostly females.Scientists recently discovered a thermosensor protein, TRPV4, that is associated with this process in American alligators. TRPV4 is activated by temperatures near the mid-30s, and increases the movement of calcium ions into certain cells involved with sex determination. The results of this scientific investigation will most likely lead other scientists to hypothesize that * human sex cells also contain the TRPV4 protein 0) the TRPV4 protein affects the growth of plants other reptiles may have the TRPV4 protein in their eggs the TRPV4 protein is present in all of the foods eaten by alligators
6. Vampire bats are mammals that consume blood as their only source of nutrients. Because blood is rich in iron, it is necessary for the digestive system of the vampire bat to manage excess iron. Like humans, ferritin and transferrin receptor gene products are expressed by the vampire bat genome and function to maintain iron homeostasis. Ferritin A. The iron response element (IRE) binding protein is able to regulate expression of both ferritin and transferrin receptor genes. What feature of these genes allows for specific regulation by the IRE binding protein? B. How is activity of the IRE binding protein regulated? C. In an environment with excess iron, what levels of mRNA and protein do you expect to detect of Ferritin and Transferrin receptor? Briefly explain. Explanation Transferrin receptor RNA levels ( ) high ( ) low ( ) high ( ) low Protein levels () high levels ( ) low levels () high levels ( ) low levels
6. Increasing the aldosterone secretion during prolonged muscle activity in hot weather allows you to compensate for the sodium loss in sweat and remove the accumulated excess of potassium. Explain these biological effects of the hormone during exercise. For answer: „Total Signal transduction starting with hormon recopios, e) explain the role of the hormone in the regulation of gene transcription and translation; d) describe the role of proteins that have their synthesis regulated by aldosterone.
During signal transduction (a) the cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that leads to a change in some cell process (b) a signaling molecule directly activates or represses several genes (c) each enzyme catalyzes production of one molecule of product (d) enzymes in the signal cascade remain active until the last component of the pathway alters a cellular process (e) the signal is terminated by cyclic AMP
Figure 9.10 In certain cancers, the GTPase activity of the RAS G-protein is inhibited. This means that the RAS protein can no longer hydrolyze GTP into GDP What effect would this have on downstream cellular events?