5. RNA vaccines work differently than vaccines in the past. Instead of virus antigens being injected into the bloodstream, MRNA is injected. Answer the following questions that relate to the biochemistry of how a MRNA vaccine works. Draw a diagram with comments, if you like.
Q: Please explain the difference between virus and bacteriophage multiplication. Be detailed.
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Q: 4. At which stage of viral infection did these mutations most likely occur?
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Q: 1.Which of the following events best predicts the consequence if there is NO post-translational…
A: Post translational modification occurs after translation event has occurred that is after the…
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A: Hepatitis B virus is a virus having DNA as genetic material. The genome is double-stranded DNA and…
Q: 2. Select any ONE of the following experimental procedures and describe how it is done and what the…
A: Embryo culture is known as culturing of an embryo in in-vitro conditions. It is studied under the…
Q: Diagram the life cycle for a virus that uses an RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase.
A: Reverse transcriptase, also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is a DNA polymerase enzyme that…
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A: Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common virus affecting different parts of the…
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A: COVID-19 is corona virus or we can say it as a respiratory virus which then transmit to severe…
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A: There are few points about Plaque assay : When treated with the lawn of susceptible cells , a…
Q: 1."What protein structural features are involved in the antigenic nature of epitopes?
A: Epitopes :- (non-self, foreign protein portion) Epitopes are the region of the immunogen or the…
Q: In gene therapy, healthy genes are placed into animal cells that have defective genes by usinga. a…
A: Answer is c.) virus vectors.
Q: DNA vaccines require the DNA to be transported into the nucleus where it becomes part of the genome.…
A: RNA vaccines are basically mRNA strands that code for certain specific proteins that once are…
Q: 3. Explain the differences between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation.
A: Mutation - A mutation is the condition during which there is any damage to the gene / DNA as a…
Q: 29. In lecture, we discussed some of the new platforms for COVID-19 vaccines. Adenovirus-vector…
A: Vaccines are agents that enable an individual to gain active acquired immunity against a specific…
Q: reverse transcriptase is a nonviral genetic element that facilitate the movement of a transposon…
A: Transposons are the genetic elements that can jump from one location to another location within the…
Q: 1.a How does a cell recognize which strand is the sense strand? b. How does the RNA polymerase…
A: One of the important process in central dogma. It is a process of making a RNA copy using DNA; it is…
Q: How are vaccines made?
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: Protein vaccines include only the parts (i.e. a protein) of a virus that best stimulate your immune…
A: Introduction :- The pI of a protein is also called as the Isoelectric point. It is the pH at which…
Q: 3. Imagine that you are a researcher at a pharmaceutical company charged with developing new drugs…
A: Answer: ANTI-VIRAL DRUG = These are the chemicals used to treat the infection causing pathogens,…
Q: . A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular…
A: A vaccine is either a cell suspension or a byproduct secreted by the cell which, when introduced…
Q: Protein vaccines include only the parts (i.e. a protein) of a virus that best stimulate your immune…
A: The property of a protein is dependent on the Amino acid sequence it is made up of. The constituent…
Q: How do sialic acid conformations explain the difference between influenza strains that infect humans…
A: An influenza pandemic is a worldwide outbreak produced by a novel influenza virus against which…
Q: Discuss the characteristics of retroviruses. How do they act? How is their action different from…
A: Retrovirus are virus that has RNA as genetic material. When it infects the cell it first convert RNA…
Q: 4. What in your opinion can the biomedical engineer do to help in the cure of COVID-19?
A: Biomedical engineering is the term used for the combination of biology and engineering or applying…
Q: Protein vaccines include only the parts (i.e. a protein) of a virus that best stimulate your immune…
A: Note - we are supposed to answer three subparts of a question according to our guidelines. Please…
Q: 1. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular…
A: The phenomenon of vaccination that causes immunization of an individual against certain diseases is…
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A: FluMist is a brand name of a vaccine. It's FDA-endorsed to assist with stopping flu (influenza)…
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A: Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium and now used as genetically modified organism to grow the pest…
Q: 4. Bacterial transformation and bacteriophage labelingexperiments proved that DNA was the hereditary…
A: Bacteriophage is a kind of virus that infects bacteria. Most of the time bacteriophage and the…
Q: The COVID-19 vaccines are RNA-based (the RNA codes for a viral antigen). Nucleic acid-based…
A: The vaccine is a substance that activates a person's immune system to develop immunity to a…
Q: 1. Below is a gene on DNA in a prokaryotic cell. Draw the mRNA molecule that would be made from this…
A: It can exist in various forms like primary, secondary and tertiary based on its level of…
Q: 5. Bacteriophages' genomes are typically composed of A) double-stranded DNA. B) double-stranded RNA.…
A: Ps :- don't confuse bacteria with bacteriophage. A bacteriophage is a type of virus. And as you…
Q: 1.Outside of a random mutation, the prion that causes Mad Cow was probably passed to other cows via…
A: Mad cow disease is a common name for Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). It is a…
Q: 2a. The DNA is mutated on the 4th base pair to the following: DNA:3'TAC GAT GAG GTC TGA ACT 5' 5 ATG…
A: Mutations are changes in the base pair that can effect the way proteins and mRNA is formed it can…
Q: Chose an enzyme important in viral replication you want to target (examples: DNA polymerase, reverse…
A: Viruses are different from other microorganisms. They are obligate parasites and are only infectious…
Q: 4. The following applies for humans and not birds? A. lack of lymph nodes B. somatic DNA…
A: Recombination is the production of new DNA molecule (s) from two parental DNA molecules or different…
Q: 1. Name the molecule that contributes to the shape of a capsid around a virus?
A: The capsid is basically a protective layer around the viral structure which usually protects the…
Q: he lower limit of detection of an EBV assay is 25 copies/mL. All controls were as expected, and the…
A: EBV assay is a common tool to measure the presence of the virus in clinical samples. The lower limit…
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Q: these cells are growing in and use it to infect new cells for plaque assays and obtain the following…
A: In the above graph as the concentration of antiviral agency is increased, the number of plaque…
Q: 7. Based on this Kirby-Bauer assay, answer the following questions. a. Which antibiotic is the…
A: The susceptibility and resistance of the organism to antibiotics can be identified using the Kirby…
Q: 7. Replication factor C plays which of the following roles in eukaryotic DNA replication? A.…
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Q: .Which of the following statements is true? Vaccines cannot be made against viruses. Viruses are…
A: Hello. you have asked multple questions, we will be able to answer only first one. For rest please…
Q: 1. Explain how CRISPR is the future of our society.
A: DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence. It is the order of…
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A: Dear student, as per our honor code we are requested to answer one question at a time. Since you…
Q: antiviral drug
A: Viruses are tricky. They're small, mutate quickly, and make thousands and thousands of copies of…
please answer clearly and explain. do not copy. thanks
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- 1. Given that a faulty ribosomal protein is the culprit and causes DBA, discuss the possible role of normal ribosomal proteins. Why might bone marrow cells be more susceptible to such a mutation than other cells? 2. A couple with a child affected with DBA undergoes in vitro fertilization (IVF) and genetic testing of the resulting embryos to ensure that the embryos will not have DBA. However, they also want the embryos screened to ensure that the one implanted can serve as a suitable donor for their existing child. Their plan is to have stem cells from the umbilical cord of the new baby transplanted to their existing child with DBA, thereby curing the condition. What are the ethical pros and cons of this situation? 3. While a stem cell transplant from an unaffected donor is currently the only cure for DBA, genome-editing technologies may one day enable the correction of a mutation in a patient’s own bone marrow stem cells. However, what specific information would be needed, beyond a…1. Transcription: a)State the role of RNA polymerase in gene transcription.b. Explain why the DNA is not used directly for protein translation (i.e., why is mRNA used instead?).c. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter region is open for RNA polymerase binding.d. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter regions is blocked from binding RNA polymerase.e. Explain how two cells, such as liver cells and skin cells, can become specialized in structure and function despite containing the same genome.6. Similar to the class notes (Intro to Genetics), a segment of DNA (shown below) contains a promoter segment (the first 9 base pairs), a ribosome binding segment (the next 6 base pairs), and a segment that codes for protein synthesis which is started by the rest of the base pairs. ACTCCATTGAACCATTTCTATGATCCGCTAACG-... TGAGGTAACTTGGTAAAGATACTAGGCGATTGC-... A. When the DNA is induced to be copied to mRNA, the top strand is coding, meaning that the mRNA makes an identical copy of the lower strand (replacing T with U) The mRNA copy starts with the ribosome binding sequence. What is the sequence of the mRNA that will go to the ribosomes? B. What are the first 6 amino acids of the protein that are coded for by the mRNA? C. What would the amino acid sequence be if... i. a transition mutation occurred on the final G in the mRNA? ii. all of the G & C bases in the protein synthesis portion had transition mutations? iii. a point deletion mutation occurred in the ATA sequence (in the lower strand…
- The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection In cystic fibrosis gene therapy, scientists propose the use of viral vectors to deliver normal genes to cells in the lungs. What immunological risks are involved in this procedure?1. A DNA base sequence transcribed into messenger RNA in the following sequence: TTATCTTCGGGAGAGAAAACA. a. If you read from left to right, what amino acids are coded by this sequence? (Note: The initiation sequence is disregarded in this example.) b. If proflavine treatment caused the deletion of the first adenine nucleotide on the left, describe the changes that would occur in the first six amino acids coded by this sequence?What are the differences between protein subunit vaccines and mRNA vaccines?” “2. What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, the question means in general, not of a specific drug)? Why might different bacteria have different MICs to different drugs?” “3. Knowing what you know now about misuse of antibiotics, is it beneficial or harmful to stop including the antiseptic triclosan in soaps?”
- 1. The SARS-CoV-2 virus (causing Covid-19) has an RNA genome, which is replicated using an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The structure below shows a drug that was recently developed as a treatment for infection with SARS-CoV-2 (a) Which molecule normally found in a cell does it most resemble? (You can ignore the part of the structure highlighted with a red box. This is removed by hydrolysis when the drug enters the cell). (b) Suggest a mechanism by which this molecule might inhibit infection. (c) Why is this drug unlikely to have major effects in the host? HN OH OHA man was brought to the hospital showing "pneumonia"-like symptoms. They took the viral load and determined this to be the new RNA retrovirus infecting lung cells. Since antibodies were unavailable, doctors decided to treat him with drugs. Which of the following would most benefit the patient? A. Drug A is an inhibitor of the binding of 4OS with 60S ribosome of the lung cells. B. Drug B is a structural analogue of the viral peptide that binds to the receptor of the host cell enabling viral entry into the cell. C. Drug C is a polar molecule that inhibits the lytic enzymes activated upon viral infection. D. Drug D is an inducer of a proteolytic enzyme. E. Drug E is a steroid that binds at the regulatory site of a gene causing the synthesis of a repressor that binds at the gene site for the receptor.5. If a virus has a negative-sense RNA genome, what enzymatic activity (if any) will be found as part of the virion structure and what will be the first step in expression of the viral genome? 6. Influenza viruses gain entry into their host cells by attachment to N-acetylneuraminic acid residues on the cell surface, followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Predict what effect the treatments shown in the table below will have on (i) the attachment of an influenza virus to a susceptible host cell, and (ii) the subsequent uncoating of influenza virus in the same cell. Use a “+" to indicate that the event will take place or a “-" to indicate that it will not take place. Note: In each case it is assumed that the events would be occurring in the same cell that has undergone the treatment. Treatment Attachment? Uncoating? Treatment of the host cell with neuraminidase Treatment of the host cell with NH,Cl, which prevents lowering of the lysosomal pH Treatment of the host cell with…
- 3a. Select all the correct types of RNA that are both the product of transcription and are also translated in the cytoplasm. ☐ snRNAs ☐ pre-tRNAs ☐ rRNA ☐ tRNA ☐ miRNA ☐ mRNA 3b. The ribozyme found in the ribosome catalyzes ... (which of the following?) a. the synthesis of pre-mRNA as part of the transcription process. b. the formation of the peptide bond. c. the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits. d. a reaction that uses RNA as a substrate.1. A monogenic disease is a disease caused by a mutation in a single gene. For instance, sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, which codes for the B- globin chain of hemoglobin. The beginning of HBB is shown here: 5'-ATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACT...-3' A. Translate this HBB sequence into an amino acid sequence. B. In terms of amino acids, what is the result of the sickle cell mutation, wherein the bolded red A is changed to a T? This single mutation causes hemoglobin to aggregate, causing red blood cells to deform into a sickle-like shape rather than the normal “biconcave disk" shape. C. What would happen if the bolded blue A were mutated to at T? (This is hypothetical; it's not a mutation found in sickle-cell disease.)The structure of a prodrug used for treating people with HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS is shown below. This molecule is a precursor of a protease inhibitor that competitively inhibits HIV protease due to its resemblance to the proteolytic site of the enzyme. Which process in the viral life cycle does this inhibitor target directly ? Group of answer choices a. viral protein processing for making new viruses b. viral mRNA synthesis c. viral DNA integration into the host cell DNA d. viral DNA synthesis