2. What are the two main mechanisms by which cell signaling is regulated? What the difference between the two?
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Kindly refer to the imahe and answer the question.
2. What are the two main mechanisms by which cell signaling is
regulated? What the difference between the two?
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- Item21 Item 21 Neurons have a _______ membrane potential of –70mV. In other words, this is their stable membrane potential under normal conditions. Fill in the blank Fill in the blank Item22 Item 22 When a skin wound is healing, cell contact on all sides is a strong stimulus for cell division. Group startsTrue or False Item23 Item 23 Which choice describes the activation steps of a G protein-coupled receptor properly (and in correct order)? Multiple Choice Ligand binds to receptor, G protein activated, effector protein activated, second messenger made available Ligand binds to receptor, second messenger activated, G protein turned on, protein kinase activated Protein kinase activated, ion channel opened, ions enter and activate second messenger, G protein turned on Ion channel opened, G protein activated, second messenger synthesized, phosphatase ends signalhe following happens when a G-protein-coupled receptor activates a G protein. OThe alpha subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. OIt activates the alpha subunit and inactivates the beta gamma complex. O The GDP bound to the alpha subunit is phosphorylated to form bound GTP The beta subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP.alpha 1 adrenergic receptor causes vasoconstriction through activation of Gq protein explain the mechanism of action for this receptorb starting from the ligand binding step untill final effectoe is activated
- Endocrine Ligand acting on intracellular receptor should be: O Hydrophilic O Hydrophobic O Amphipathic O Macromolecule What kinds of molecules may pass throughWhich of the following is incorrect about pathways activated by G-proteincoupled receptors? a. The extracellular signaling molecule is the first messenger. b. When activated, plasma membrane-bound G protein canswitch on an effector. c. Second messengers enter the nucleus. d. ATP converts to cAMP to activate protein kinases. e. Protein kinases phosphorylate molecules to change cellularactivity.When insulin binds to its receptor, the complex is endocytosed into the cell. This is an example of in response to hormone signaling. cAMP activation generating an intracellular receptor activation of a hormone response element receptor down-regulation
- Trace the sequence of events in signal transduction for each of the following second messengers: cyclic AMP, inositol trisphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), and calcium ions.Visit this link (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/hormonebind) to watch an animation of the events that occur when a hormone binds to a cell membrane receptor. What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine?Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein’s alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change? More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. Less severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. No allergic response. No change compared to normal G-protein signaling.
- Calcium ions (a) can act as second messengers (b) split calmodulin (c) are kept at higher concentration in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid (d) are produced in the ER by protein kinases and protein phosphatases (e) typically terminate signaling cascadesG protein-coupled receptors bind extracellular signals then activates trimeric G proteins inside the cell. Based on this information, which of the following statements best characterizes G protein- coupled receptors? O It is peripheral and monolayer associated O It is integral and transmembrane O It is peripheral and transmembrane O Itis integral and monolayer associatedIf a hormone affects a target tissue through a membrane-bound receptorthat has a G protein associated with it, predict the consequences if agenetic disease causes the α subunit of the G protein to have a structurethat prevents it from binding to GTP.