2. Mechanism of local anesthetics' action involves: A. Interference withsensitive nerveendings excitation as the result of superficial protein coagulation, forming a protective film. B. Sensitive nerve endings andfibers sodium channel blockage. C. Interference with sensitive nerveendings excitation, forming aprotective layer on the mucous membrane surface.
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- 1.(a) Describe any TWO differences between Type I and Type II hypersensitive reactions. (b) Given that administration of steroid is a potential treatment for Type II hypersensitive reactions but there are associated side effects, suggest one alternative method of treatment.Which of the following does not contribute to propagation of action potentials? a. As the area outside the membrane becomes negative, itattracts ions from adjacent regions; as the inside of the membrane becomes positive, it attracts negative ions from nearby in the cytoplasm. These events depolarize nearby regions of the axon membrane. b. The refractory period allows the impulse to travel in only one direction. c. Each segment of the axon prevents the adjacent segments from firing. d. The magnitude of the action potential stays the same as it travels down the axon. e. Up to a limit, increasing the intensity of the stimulus increases the number of action potentials.20-Antagonizing the effect of acetylcholine by atropine, is an example of ___ antagonist a.Functional b.Pharmacological c.Physiological d.Chemical
- 1. The origin site in the nerve for the conduction of nerve impulses is the: a. dendritic zone b. axon hillock c. node of Ranvier d. terminal buttons 2. An action potential is a short distance signal, mylenation b. is a long distance signal, mylenation c. has decremental current flow, refractory period d. has decremental current flow, mylenation e. is a long distance signal, the refractory period and its unidirectional movement is ensured by а. 3. In the CNS, the membranes that wrap around myelinated neurons are those of: a. Schwann cells b. Oligodendrocyte c. endothelial cells d. astrocytes e. Satellite Cells1. Which of the following drugs is not a cardioselective beta-blocker? *A. EsmololB. AtenololC. PropranololD. MetoprololE. Bisoprolol 2. It is the ability of a drug to initiate cellular effects.A. AgonistB. AntagonistC. EfficacyD. Intrinsic Activity 3. What type of antagonism is exemplified when the interaction of two (2) drugs whoseopposing actions in the body tend to cancel each other’s effect?A. Physiological antagonismB. Pharmacokinetic antagonismC. Chemical antagonismD. Non-competitive antagonismE. Pharmacological antagonism 4. Which enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nerve?A. Catechol-O-Methyl TransferaseB. AcetylcholinesteraseC. Monoamine OxidaseD. DecarboxylaseE. CYP isozymes 5. Which drug exhibits similar mechanism of action with Reserpine? *A. VesamicolB. PilocarpineC. Botulinum toxinD. EpinephrineE. Neostigmine 6. Which of the following drugs is not a muscarinic-receptor antagonist used tocounteract cholinergic transmission? *A. UrecholineB.…2.) what of these nerve fiber has action potenital moving toward the central nervous system ? sensory fiber sympathetic nerve fiber parasympatheic nerver fiber motor fiber question 3 : The autonimic nervous system controls involuntary muscle such as the cardiac & smooth muscle true False question 5 It is important to remeber to the neurogila cells are not direclty part of ; A.) forming insulating membrane to cover the axon b. ) anchoring neuron to capilliares or nutrient supply c. ) controlling the neuron enviornment d. ) begin a pathways for the action potential
- Some drugs and toxic compounds interfere with removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft once they have been released. (1) Explain the two basic mechanisms affected by Sarin nerve gas and the drug Prozac. (2) If you were investigating an autoimmune disease that appeared to interfere with removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, and you were able to isolate the causative antibody from the patient's serum, how could you use that antibody to investigate whether it affected one of the two inactivation mechanisms?Local anesthetics "block" the action potential and therefore do not allow "pain" information to proceed to the brain and spinal cord. In the presence of these molecules (local anesthetics) 'threshold' is essentially "ignored". The molecules most logically work by: 23. a. Decreasing the intracellular [potassium] b. Blocking the opening of the voltage-gated potassium channels c. Decreasing the extracellular [sodium] d. Blocking the opening of the voltage-gated sodium channels1. Choose (place an X) whether the characteristic applies to the Nervous System or Endocrine System (or both) Characteristic Action is generally brief (lasting milliseconds). Action generally lasts longer (seconds to days). Mediator molecules delivered to target by bloodstream. Action potentials trigger release of mediator molecules at synapse with target. Target cells require specific protein receptor for mediator molecule. Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions. Influence is much broader; will regulate virtually all types of body cells. Controls growth & development and regulates reproductive systems. Maintains internal environments (homeostasis) Nervous Endocrine Mediator molecules include acetylcholine, glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin Mediator molecules include aldosterone, melatonin, insulin, calcitonin
- 2- Match the correct terms with their meanings. Place the corresponding letter within the parenthesis Column A Column B hu) Refractory period a. An electrical impulse caused by a strong- enough graded potential ) Graded potential b. The membrane potential of a resting cell hu) Action potential c. Releases neurotransmitters hu) Presynaptic element d. Caused by stimulus hu) Sodium e. Change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero ) Potassium f. Enters the neuron and causes depolarization hu) Depolarization g. time after the initiation of an action potential when another action potential cannot be generated u) Resting potential h. return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action potential hu) Repolarization i. Exits the neuron and causes hyperpolarizationn 5. In experiment on a frog the conducting ways transsection between the brain and the thoracal part of the spinal cord was carried out. The irritation of skin receptors of back extrimity by 1% solution of sulfuric acid will lead to withdrawal reflex of back extremity thanks to: A. The integrated nervous centre The local nervous centre B. C. Increase in the force of irritation D. Increase in duration of irritation E. Everything that is above named2. a) sensation). the doctor decides to check the resting potential of her sensory nerves. The microelectrode is inserted and the intracellular potential is measured as -65 mv. What relative ionic concentrations are responsible for maintaining this membrane potential? A 47-year-old woman complains of paresthesis (tingling, pricking or burning a) [Na+ Jout > [Na+] in ; [K+]out > [K+]in b) [Na+ Jout > [Na+] in ; [K+]out [Ca2+]in d) [Na+ Jout [K+]in e) Active sodium potassium pump