I don't understand it. Can u help me? Can u help me to explain to me, please? 15.13) The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrixregion and undergo oxidative phosphorylation. Name the two processes in which the energy from NADH made inglycolysis can enter the mitochondrial matrix.ANSWER:1) malate-aspartate shuttle2) glycerol 3-phosphate shuttleEXPLANATION:Oxidative phosphorylation requires that NADH be located within the mitochondrial matrix. Since pyruvateoxidation/decarboxylation and the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix, the NADH created inthose processes can immediately undergo oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is able topass through the outer mitochondrial membrane and enter the intermembrane space; however, it is not able to pass throughthe inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region. In order for the energy from this NADH to be utilized, it mustbe processed through "NADH shuttles."The two most important NADH shuttles are the malate-aspartate shuttle and the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle. Themalate-aspartate shuttle works by oxidizing the NADH produced by glycolysis to NAD+ in the intermembrane space, thentransferring the electrons through the inner mitochondrial matrix to an NAD+ that is already inside the matrix, therebyproducing an NADH that can undergo oxidative phosphorylation. In the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, NADH produced byglycolysis is oxidized in the intermembrane space by transferring electrons to an inner mitochondrial membrane-bound FAD,thereby producing an FADH₂ that can undergo oxidative phosphorylation.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway by which cells generate energy in the form of ATP…

Answered: 15.13) The NADH that is produced by…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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1 a) What is meant by the ATP currency exchange ratio? Why does the oxidation of mitochondrial FADH2 generate one less ATP than oxidation of mitochondrial NADH? b) If 12 H+ are moved across the inner mitochondrial membrane by NADH oxidation, and each ATP synthesized requires 3 H+ to move through ATP synthase, why are only 3 ATP molecules produced by oxidation of each NADH?
All the dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle use NAD+ (E°' for NAD+/NADH is -0.32 V) as the electron acceptor, except succinate dehydrogenase, which uses covalently bound FAD (E°' for FAD/FADH2 is +0.050 V). Suggest why FAD is a more appropriate electron acceptor than NAD+ in the dehydrogenation of succinate, based on the E°' values of fumarate/succinate (E°' = +0.031 V)
1. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol are all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochon- dria. Provide an explanation to the following conditions regarding these potent inhibitors. (a) Explain why adding cyanide to an active in vitro suspension of mitochondria blocks ATP synthesis. What happens to the rate of ATP synthesis when 2,4-dinitrophenol is added to this mitochon- drial suspension after it was treated with cyanide? (b) Explain why the rate of oxygen consumption decreases in an in vitro suspension of mito- chondria when oligomycin is added. What happens to the rate of oxygen consumption in this oligomycin- inhibited system after adding 2,4-dinitrophenol? Explain.
upon digestion of starch maltose, one of its degradation products is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 1 molecule of maltose considering the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. question: 3. what is the total number of mitochondrial NADH prodcued after pyruvate is acted upon by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) in the inner mitochondrialmembrane catalyzes the reaction NADH + NADP+ → NAD+ + NADPH to generate the NADPH needed for certain reactions that help destroy reactive oxygen species. (a) Explain why the NNT reaction cannot be driven primarily by the diff erence in substrate reduction potentials (Δℰ). (b) In fact, the NNT reaction is driven by proton translocation across the membrane (from outside to inside). How does operation of the transhydrogenase aff ect the effi ciency of oxidative phosphorylation?
The inhibitor X prevents coenzyme Q (Q) from participating in electron transfer in the electron transport chain. (a) Will the presence of X prevent electrons from NADH from passing through the electron trans- port chain? Explain why or why not. (b) Compound Y is a non-physiological reducing agent capable of directly reducing cytochrome cl in Complex III. Would oxygen consumption resume upon the addition of compound Y to mitochondria inhibited by inhibitor X? Be sure to explain your answer.
What yield of ATP can be expected from complete oxidation of each of the following substrates by the reactionsof glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?(a) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate(b) Glucose(c) Phosphoenolpyruvate(d) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(e) NADH(f) Pyruvate
The electron-transport chain consists of a number of multi protein complexes, which work in conjunction to pass electrons from an electron carrier, such as NADH, to O2. What is the role of these complexes in ATP synthesis? It has been demonstrated that respiration supercomplexes contain all the protein components necessary for respiration. Why is this beneficial for ATP synthesis, and what is one way that the existence of super complexes has been demonstrated experimentally? Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is not a protein, but a small, hydrophobic molecule. Why is it important for the functioning of the electron transport chain that CoQ is a hydrophobic molecule?
a) Make a theoretical calculation of how many ATP molecules can be formed from the breakdown of a molecule of Acetyl- CoA into carbon dioxide and water. The prerequisite is that the entire proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane can be used for ATP production and that the ATP synthase has 6 c-subunits.
Under standard conditions, is the oxidation of ubiquinol (Coenzyme Q) by O2 sufficiently exergonic to drive the synthesis of ATP? If yes, how many ATP can be synthesized assuming 100% efficiency?
All dehydrogenases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle use NAD* (E° for NAD*/NADH is -0.32V) as electron acceptor except succinate dehydrogenase (which uses FAD (E° for FAD/FADH2 is 0.05V). Based on AG° = -NFEº, show and state (1-2 sentences) why is FAD a more appropriate electron acceptor than NAD* in the dehydrogenation of succinate (consider the E° values of %3D Uptake in Na+ Vmax Uptake in absence of Na+ Vmax substrate K: (mM) Kt (mM) L-leucine 420 0.24 23 0.2 D-Leucine 310 4.7 5 4.7 L-valine 225 0.31 19 0.31 fumarate/succinate (E° = 0.031), NAD*/NADH, and the succinate dehydrogenase FAD/FADH2).
In beta oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria, ubiquinone (via FAD / FADH2) from the respiratory chain acts as an oxidizing agent in one oxidation step and NAD + as an oxidizing agent in the other oxidation step. Discuss the exchange of ATP per oxygen molecule consumed in the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-COAI in relation to the exchange of ATP perroxygen molecule consumed if only NADH is the electron source for the respiratory chain.

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