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- 1. There are two metabolic routes for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). What factors likely indicate which route is used? Do the two routes have different requirements for cellular energy (e.g. ATP)? 2. Compare the export of glucose from hepatocytes to the import into hepatocytes. 3. Would you expect anaplerotic reactions to be active in the postprandial hepatocyte? Why?a. In the TCA cycle, which of the following combines with acetyl CoA to form a 6-carbon compound? i. oxaloacetate ii. thiamine iii. glucose iv. pyruvate b. The last step in glycolysis is the transfer of phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP catalyzed by pyruvate kinase. i. True ii. False1. Explain the Chemiosmotic theory with regard to ATP generation in oxidative phosphorylation. 2. Explain how Phosphorylase activation differs between the liver and the muscle. What is the role of Epinephrine in Glycogen metabolism. 3. List all the materials required for beta-oxidation of cholesterol from six-carbon intermediate Mevalonate.
- 26. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Insulin can activate pyruvate carboxylase B. More energy in the form of ATP is required to synthesize glucose from pyruvate than can be obtained from glucose by glycolysis alone C. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a modulator that can stimulate either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, depending on cellular glucose concentration D. All of the above1. Put together the sequence of components (numbers) that form the glycolysis pathway and the linked reaction. Choose the sequence from the following metabolites. Also mention the step in which NADH/FADH; is formed along with the number. > Acetyl ÇoA > Glucose. > Pyruvate. > Fructose – 1, 6-bisphosphate > Glucose – 6- phosphate. > Phosphoenol – pyruvate. > 1,3– Bisphosphoglycerate. > Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Fructose – 6– phosphate > Glycerol 2-phosphate /2-phosphoglycerate. Dihydroacetone – phosphate.4. Which of the following statements regarding the coordinated regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is not true? A. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1) are reciprocally regulated. B. Activating PFK-1 leads to more glycolysis. C. Inhibiting FBPase-1 slows gluconeogenesis. D. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is the primary regulator of PFK-1 and FBPase-1. E. ATP inhibits PFK-1.
- 1. Explain what is the relationship between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? 2. What activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis? Discuss.1. State if true or false a. Gluconeogenesis is the exact opposite of the glycolytic pathway b. The end-product of glycolysis is Acetyl CoA c. There is no enzyme being secreted in the stomach for carbohydrate digestion d.Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, which is active in skeletal muscles and in the brain, bypasses Complex I and II of ETC resulting to less energy produced compared to malate-aspartate shuttle. e. Insoluble NSP has high water holding capacity and will increase the intestinal transit time of digesta.1. A glycolytic substrate which is the precursor of the pentose phosphate pathway. 2. How many pyruvate molecules are derived from the hydrolysis of 3 glucose molecules. 3. The enzyme responsible for the 1st committed step in the glycolytic pathway. 4. The enzyme responsible for the cutting of the sugar on the nonreducing ends of glycogen branches. 5. The enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a two-carbon fragment from a ketose donor to an aldose acceptor in PPP.
- 26. These catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, e.g. pyruvate dehydrogenase, catalysing the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 27. These catalyze transferring of the chemical group from one to another compound. An example is a transaminase, which transfers an amino group from one molecule to another. a. oxidoreduUctases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 28. They catalyze the hydrolysis of a bond. For example, the enzyme pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds in proteins. a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 29. Catalyze the association of two molecules. For example, DNA ligase catalyzes the joining of two fragments of DNA by forming a phosphodiester bond. a. oxidoreductases b. transferases c. hydrolases d. ligases 30. It is the loss of electrons, gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. a. reduction b. temperature C. substrate concentration d. oxidation1.. The sugar that occupies a central position in the metabolism of plants, animals and many microorganisms. 2. This enzyme is inhibited in the glycolytic pathway whenever the cell has ample ATP and is well supplied by other fuels such as fatty acids. 3. The enzyme that is only present in the liver and kidney during glycogen utilization. 4. The glycolytic substrate responsible for the entry of Mannose in the preparatory stage of glycolysis. 5. What is the pathway involved during the lipid utilization into glucose in plants?Give the number of the following:a. number of acetyl-CoA that enters the TCA cycle for every 5 molecules of glucoseb. number of high-energy phosphate groups required for the complete formation of glucose during gluconeogenesisc. number of NADPH produced for each molecule of glucose in the pentose phosphate pathway
