1. What is RNA? And, how is RNA modified? 2. What are the 3 major steps involved in mRNA processing? Explain each step. 3. Why is RNA processing important in development? Explain.
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1. What is RNA? And, how is RNA modified?
2. What are the 3 major steps involved in mRNA processing? Explain each step.
3. Why is RNA processing important in development? Explain.
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- 1. Identify the major types of RNA in a cell and discuss their individual functions in relation to protein synthesis. 2. Compare the structural differences of sugars and bases in DNA and RNA molecules 3. What processing events differentiate eukaryotic mRNA from prokaryotic mRNA?1. What is the structure of hnRNA transcribed from this template? 2. What is the structure of the MRNA obtained by splicing the hnRNA? 3. What will be the polypeptide sequence to be synthesized using this mRNA?1.Describe the journey of a protein, from its synthesis to its final destination 2. Explain the different stages of transcription and the role of the elements involved with the right terminology (template vs. non-transcribed strand, promoter, stop sequence, TATA box, general and specific transcription factors, RNA polymerase II, etc.); 3. Explain what the maturation (modifications) of pre-messenger RNA consists of and its role
- 1. How do I explain a brief outline of the mechanisms in which DNA is used to generate protein by reflecting on the key points in the process and by mentioning the major differences between mechanism in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 2. What role does/do epigenetics and developmental epigenetics play in health & diseases?1. What mRNA sequence is synthesized from a section of DNA that is 3’-TTGACCT-5’? 2. In what direction does a polymerase move when synthesizing a strand of mRNA? 3. Define transcription and translation. Which process occurs first to make protein from DNA?First Position (5'-end) U C A U UUU Phe UUC Phe UUA Leu UUG Leu G CUU Leu CUC Leu CUA Leu CUG Leu AUU Ile AUC Ile AUA Ile AUG* Met GUU Val GUC Val GUA Val GUG Val с UCU UCC UCA UCG Ser Second Position A CCU Pro CCC Pro CCA Pro CCG Pro ACU ACC Ser Ser Ser Thr Thr ACA Thr ACG Thr GCU GCC Ala Ala GCA Ala GCG Ala *AUG also serves as the principal initiation codon. G UAU Tyr UGU UAC Tyr UGC UAA Stop UGA UAG Stop UGG CAU His CAC His CAA Gln CAG Gln AAU Asn AAC Asn AAA AAG GAU Asp GAC Asp GAA Glu GAG Glu CGU Arg CGC Arg CGA Arg CGG Arg Lys AGA Lys AGG Cys Cys Stop Trp AGU Ser AGC Ser GGU GGC Arg Arg Gly Gly GGA Gly GGG Gly Third Position (3'-end) DOAG DOAG U C U C DOAG DOAG U C U C
- 1. Retrotransposons are nonviral genetic elements that facilitate their own movement within the genome (true or false) 2. Most mRNA molecules have an indefinite lifespan allowing high quantity protein synthesis from a single mRNA molecule (true or false) 3. spliceosome is a complex of RNA and protein that catalyzes the removal of exons from pre-mRNA (true or false)1. What is a consensus sequence? What are the components of RNA polymerase and what are their functions? 2. Describe the steps involved with transcription initiation.? Describe the steps involved with transcription elongation. 3. Describe the steps involved with transcription termination. A consensus sequence is a sequence of DNA,RNA, or protein that has aligned sequence.Synthesize a Protein 5. Below is a region of a gene. Transcribe the gene into a pre-mRNA strand. DNA MRNA G C C G T A 6. What is the name of the enzyme which catalyzes this reaction? 7. What three things must then happen to the pre-MRNA you just synthesized before it is allowed to exit the nucleus? 8. Now that you have mature mRNA and it has exited the nucleus and entered the cytosol, it is time to transcribe the mRNA. You may use the abbreviations for the amino acids found in Figure 15.8 of your textbook DNA C A G C A C C T. G A G C C A MRNA Peptide chain
- 2. The sequence of bases in a segment of mRNA is UUUCAUAAG. Answer the following questions: a. What amino acids would be coded for by this segment of mRNA? ( b. What is the sequence of DNA that would produce the given segment of mRNA? (29. pre-MRNA transcript 5' 3' Open boxes represent introns Filled boxes represent exons A) Draw the MRNA to be translated if the pre-mRNA is constitutively spliced. S B) Draw an mRNA to be translated if the pre-MRNA is alternatively spliced due to exon skipping.1. What is the production of RNA called and what is the enzyme that catalyzes the process?2. What are the similarities and differences between the transcription process and the repli-cation processes?3. Concerning their biological function what is the difference between DNA and RNA?4. Is there any situation in which DNA is made based on a RNA template? If there is,explain with an example how it occurs and state the enzyme involved?5. What is the difference between plasma membrane and cell wall?