1. Let the (pre-tax) price level P equal 1. Let W denote the nominal wage rate and L denote the number of hours worked. Suppose the income tax rate is th (a) Suppose that L equals 100. Calculate after-tax income (after-income tax income). (b) Suppose the sales tax rate (the tax rate on consumption) is denoted to . Suppose that, with the pre-sales tax P equal to 1, the price of goods equals (1+ tc). Calculate after-tax real (labour) income (this after-tax variable depends on both tax rates). Explain, in words, what this after-tax real income variable measures.
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- For tax purposes, “gross income” is all the money a person receives in a given year from any source. But income taxes are levied on “taxable income” rather than gross income. The difference between the two is the result of many exemptions and deductions. To see how they work, suppose you made $50,000 last year in wages, earned $10,000 from investments, and were given $5,000 as a gift by your grandmother. Also assume that you are a single parent with one small child living with you. a. What is your gross income? b. Gifts of up to $14,000 per year from any person are not counted as taxable income. Also, the “personal exemption” allows you to reduce your taxable income by $4,050 for each member of your household. Given these exemptions, what is your taxable income? c. Next, assume you paid $700 in interest on your student loans last year, put $2,000 into a health savings account (HSA), and deposited $4,000 into an individual retirement account (IRA). These expenditures are all tax exempt,…Assume there are only two producing sector Y & Z in an economy. Calculatea) Gross value added at market price by each sector b) National income from the followings:Items Amount in CroresNet factor income from abroad- 20Sales by Y= 1000Sales by Z= 2000Change in stock of Z= -200C Closingstock of Y= 50 Opening stock of Y= 100Consumption of fixed capital by Y & Z= 180Indirect taxes paid by Y & Z= 120Purchase of raw material by Y= 500Purchase of raw material by Z= 600Exports by Z= 70The equation for the marginal productivity of capital is given by: Real Interest Rate (%) 22.5- MPK : = 1,000 - 1OK 20.0- The price of a unit of capital is 2,000. The rate of depreciation is: 10% per year. The real rate of interest is: 15% per year. 17.5- If the existing level of capital K, is equal to 50 units, what is the level of gross investment? 15.0- I4 = 5 (enter your answer rounded to one decimal place). 12.5- If the real interest rate changes to 5%, what will be the new level of investment (holding the rate of depreciation, the price of capital, the amount of 10.0- existing capital and MPK constant)? 7.5- I'; = |(enter your answer rounded to one decimal place). 5.0- 2.5- 0.0+ 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 Investment (units)
- 7 In calculating the National Income using the Income Method, stock appreciation is deducted because A B. C. D. It is part of the residual error. Inflation would make stock appear to be worth more than they were in the past. It is part of double counting. It has already been accounted for in the income of capital stock.When we add depreciation to net investment, we arrive at............... what is the answer, we arrive at gross depreciation or gross investment? Step 1 Depreciation: The term depreciation refers to the fall in the monetary value of a commodity over the time period due to the use of the commodity. During the use of commodity, normal wear and tear, and obsolescence is the measure reason for the depreciation of the commodity. Step 2 Gross Investment Is the answer. The gross investment is the investment that encompasses the net investment and depreciation. If the depreciation is removed from the gross investment then the remaining investment will be the net investment. Similarly, if we add the depreciation with the net depreciation then the resulting investment amount will be the gross investment. Gross Investment = Net Investment + Depreciation Step 3 Answer. Gross depreciation.For each of the proposals, use the previous graph to determine the new number of research assistants hired. Then compute the after-tax amount paid by employers (that is, the wage paid to workers plus any taxes collected from the employers) and the after-tax amount earned by research assistants (that is, the wage received by workers minus any taxes collected from the workers). Levied on Employers (Dollars per hour) 4 Tax Proposal 0 2 Levied on Workers (Dollars per hour) 0 4 2 Quantity Hired (Number of workers) After-Tax Wage Paid by Employers (Dollars per hour) O The proposal in which the entire tax is collected from workers O The proposal in which the tax is collected from each side evenly O The proposal in which the tax is collected from employers O None of the proposals is better than the others After-Tax Wage Received by Workers (Dollars per hour) Suppose the government doesn't want to discourage employers from hiring research assistants and, therefore, wants to minimize the share…
- The difference between personal income and disposable income is: savings personal taxes corporate taxes none of the aboveThe following graph shows the labor market for research assistants in the fictional country of Universalia. The equilibrium wage is $10 per hour, and the equilibrium number of research assistants is 200. Suppose the government has decided to institute a $4-per-hour payroll tax on research assistants and is trying to determine whether the tax should be levied on the employer, the workers, or both (such that half the tax is collected from each side). Use the graph input tool to evaluate these three proposals. Entering a number into the Tax Levied on Employers field (initially set at zero dollars per hour) shifts the demand curve down by the amount you enter, and entering a number into the Tax Levied on Workers field (initially set at zero dollars per hour) shifts the supply curve up by the amount you enter. To determine the before-tax wage for each tax proposal, adjust the amount in the Wage field until the quantity of labor supplied equals the quantity of labor demanded. You will not be…The following graph gives the labor market for laboratory aides in the imaginary country of Episteme. The equilibrium hourly wage is $10, and the equilibrium number of laboratory aides is 150. Suppose the federal government of Episteme has decided to institute an hourly payroll tax of $4 on laboratory aides and wants to determine whether the tax should be levied on the workers, the employers, or both (in such a way that half the tax is collected from each party). Use the graph input tool to evaluate these three proposals. Entering a number into the Tax Levied on Employers field (initially set at zero dollars per hour) shifts the demand curve down by the amount you enter, and entering a number into the Tax Levied on Workers field (initially set at zero dollars per hour) shifts the supply curve up by the amount you enter. To determine the before-tax wage for each tax proposal, adjust the amount in the Wage field until the quantity of labor supplied equals the quantity of labor demanded.…
- (a) Income tax affect the supply of labour and real wage rate of labour. Figure Q5 shows the effects of income tax on the number of labour supply and the real wage rate of labour. LD, is labour demand curve, LSo is labour supply curve before tax, and LS, is labour supply curve after tax. Real wage rate (RM per hour) 50 - LS1 40 LSo 30 20 LDo 10 200 210 220 Labour (billion of hours per year) Figure Q5 : Income tax in the labour market Determine the following based on the information given in figure Q5: (i) Equilibrium hours of labour supply and real wage rate per hour before tax. (ii) Equilibrium hours of labour supply and real wage rate per hour after tax. (iii) Real wage rate per hour paid by firm and real wage rate per hour received by workers. (iv) Amount of tax wedge between the wage rate that firms pay and workers receive after tax.The United States has established a progressive income tax system, where a worker’s tax rate onearnings increases as she earns more money. There are 168 hours in a given week. Assume thatfor the first 56 hours worked, the tax rate is t1, which means that the net real wage is w*(1-t1).After working the 56th hour, the worker jumps to a higher tax rate t2. After the 112th hourworked, the individual jumps to an even higher tax rate, t3.(a) During most election years, some politicians argue that a having a flat tax system isbetter. Assume that there is a proposal to institute a flat tax, where all workers pay a taxrate equal to t4, which is greater than t3. On the same set of axes, graph the budgetconstraints associated with the progressive tax system and the flat tax system. Make sureto label all of the slopes.(b) Would moving to this proposed flat tax system likely encourage more or fewer hoursworked for relatively high-wage workers? Make sure to explain your answer (a writtenexplanation…Family Flowers employs 17 people, of whom 14 earn gross pay of $640.00 each and 3 earn gross pay of $720.00 each on a weekly basis. What is the employer's share of total social security and Medicare taxes for the first quarter of the year? (Social security tax is 6.2% of wages up to $128,400. Medicare tax is 1.45% of all wages.)