Wiki2010 Unit 4

Describe the data communication types used historically and the developments that have led to modern day Local Area Networks (LANs). Detail any emerging technologies and where you think data communications are likely to be in ten years’ time.

Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF): Geographic Adaptive Fidelity is an energy-aware location based routing algorithm planned for mobile ad-hoc networks but has been used to WSNs. Geographic Adaptive Fidelity conserving energy by switching off redundant sensors nodes. In this routing protocol, the entire network is classified into number of static zones and a virtual grid is made for the covered region. Every node utilizes its GPS-indicated location to link itself with a point in the virtual grid. Nodes linked to the same point on the grid are assumed equivalent with respect to packet routing costs. Nodes within a zone cooperate by choosing one node to show the zone for a period of time whereas the rest of the nodes sleep. A sample situation is considered from

Task 1: Describe the data communication types used historically and the developments that have led to modern day Local Area Networks (LANs). Detail any emerging technologies and where you think data communications are likely to be in ten year’s time.

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

However, there are many limitations with DTN’s. For example, asynchronous connectivity among the devices makes it necessary for the sensors to forward messages via relays or alternate paths to ensure delivery, or they need to store and forward the packets opportunistically until they reach the destination. This very often results in huge transmission delay, high overhead or low delivery rate. Taking into consideration the constraints on remote sensing devices, such as battery power, storage capacity, processing power, and communication bandwidth can affect the network performance and successful message delivery rate. Hence there is a need for routing protocols of DTNs be enabled to adapt according to network variations and effectively use the existing resources. Recent studies show that the most of existing protocols for DTNs look very similar in concepts; however, their performance significantly differs from each other. Epidemic [5] is a robust algorithm as it floods packets to all devices in the network. Spray and Wait [6], a modified version of Epidemic, controls flooding of messages forwarded. It simply limits the amount of messages that can be forwarded International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 7, No. 3, June 2015 56. The

In the current years, there has been developing enthusiasm for Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) as a methods for giving moment systems administration to a gathering of portable nodes which may not be inside the transmission scope of each other. In MANET, portable nodes speak with each other in a multi-bounce mold. That is the reason the accessibility of every portable node is similarly imperative for the correct operation of the entire system. The disappointment of a Single portable node can significantly influence the general execution of the system. Since every portable node has an extremely constrained battery life, one of the significant reasons of node disappointment is the battery fatigue. It has been demonstrated that even under the

Today, high-speed LANs and switched internetworks are becoming widely used, largely because they operate at very high speeds and support such high-bandwidth applications as voice and video conferencing.

Technology advancement is growing very rapidly one example we can see surrounding us is wireless networks and its related very complex applications such as sensor database network, robotics military and so on. At the starting point following paper represents about the mobile ad hoc network and related basic history. After that research paper explores the problems related with the current technology and major drawbacks. Later paper shows the need of the leader election algorithm and its implementation. At the end it

Therefore the routing protocols for wired networks cannot be directly used for wireless networks. Some examples of the possible uses of Ad Hoc networking include students using laptop computers to participate in an interactive lecture, business associates sharing information during a meeting, soldiers relaying information for situational awareness on the battlefield and emergency disaster relief personnel coordinating efforts after a hurricane or earthquake. A MANET uses multi-hop routing instead of a static network infrastructure to provide network connectivity. Several routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. Initially, in this work, number of ways of classification or categorization of existing routing protocols and the survey on the performance comparison of important protocols such as AODV [2], DSR [3] and DSDV [4] are presented. A number of researchers have done the performance analysis of Ad Hoc Routing protocols over the years using different simulators like NS2, Qualnet, Opnet etc. From the survey of QoS Models and Protocols of the IP network such as IntServ, DiffServ, FQMM (Flexible QoS Model for MANET), RSVP etc., it is observed that they

Recent trends in compact computing and wireless technologies are expansion of ad hoc network. Ad hoc network consists of versatile flat forms which are free to move expeditiously. Ad hoc networks are multi-hop network that use wireless communication for transmission without any fixed infrastructure. The networks are form and deform on-the-fly without the need for any system. Ad hoc structure does not require an access point, it is easy to setup, especially in a small or temporary network. Each node in the network forwards the packet without the need of central administration. In ad hoc network, node acts as a router to send and receive the data. An advantage of the system is robustness, flexibility and mobility. Ad hoc network are capable for analyzing radio propagation environment to optimize the performance. This typically requires that the network node have positioning capability as well as memory to recall geographical local condition. An ad hoc network typically refers to any set of network where all devices have equal status on a network and are free to associate with any other ad hoc network device in link range. Ad hoc network often refers to a mode of operation of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. This review is focused on the applications, advantages and challenges of ad hoc networks.

Fig.1 shows that source and destination nodes are not in range so packets are routed through intermediate nodes.

Network superhighways carrying internet traffic and the information of the future ,on which all kinds of interactive services such as electronic mail, voice telephony and videoconferencing, electronic commerce are already flourishing, and soon, perhaps, television on demand.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) attached in a dynamic manner and it is an assembly of wireless mobile nodes. Without any fixed infrastructure nodes making a temporary network where all nodes are arbitrarily free to move. In the network nodes are act as routers, which take part in finding and maintenance of routes to other nodes [1]. Wireless connection in MANET is highly misplay and due to mobility of nodes it goes down usually. Due to highly dynamic environment coherent routing is a very difficult task in Mobile Ad-hoc Network [2].

The terminology used to explain the routing protocol and the elements implemented on it are described here to make easy to follow the detailed description provided in the following sections.

There are many characteristics and challenges that should be taken into consideration when developing multicast routing protocols, like the dynamically changing network topology, limitation of network scalability. There are different types of protocols like unicast protocols [1], [2], cluster based protocols [3] In this paper we discuss about multicast routing for vehicular Ad hoc network which is different from other Ad Hoc networks [4]. Generally there are two types of multicast routing protocols in wireless networks. Tree-based multicast routing protocol, mesh based routing protocol [5]-[8]. In the tree-based multicasting, structure can be very much unstable in multicast ad-hoc routing protocols, as it needs frequent re-configuration in