Sample size determination is an important part of any research. Probable size of study should be considered, which is required to reach the study aims at the design phase. The figuring of a fitting sample size depends on a subjective decision of certain elements and occasionally crude approximate of others, and could as an outcome appear rather artificial (Whitley and Ball, 2002). Thus, there are foremost three key factors which should be taken into account in computation of a proper sample size (power and effect). The pro of utilizing a sample is that it is more commonsense and less expensive than gathering data from the populace. The peril of choosing a sample is that it is may not test may not enough mirror the practices, qualities, side effects, or convictions of the populace sufficiently mirror of population symptoms or beliefs (Polit and Hungler, 1999). Therefore, to decide a reasonable sample size by taking after equation was utilized to decide the sample size (AL Rifa 'y, 1998, Ayyub and Mccuen, 2003).
ss=(z^2 x (p) x (1-p))/c^2
Where:
SS = Sample size
Z = Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level) p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal (0.5 used for sample size needed)
C = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g., 0.05 = ±5)
ss=(〖(1.96)〗^2 x (0.5) x (1-0.5))/〖(0.05)〗^2 =384
Questionnaire Administration
There are several ways to questionnaire to be delivered to the participant counting through publishing on a web site, post, e-mail
Limitation of this research method included; the creation of ‘artificial’ situations and limited sampling. Sampling was very important to avoid generalization. For this research, participants selected represented the population studied. If random sampling were done, bias data would
This section will provide the rationale of the methods employed and highlight how the study will be performed. The study will examine the population with the sample size identified, data collection method and its analysis will be offered.
From G*Power it explains, the sample size will be significant and good sample size. I used alpha .05 and .80 for power then I added my population size in the program (Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007). The sample size for this population in the health program has to be a good size and well rounded. I want to achieve good data and realistic sample size. The response rate I anticipate from this population is to be 70%. The reading level needs to be around .07-.08 for literature purposes and reliability for each participant in the health program (Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009). To collect data for this survey I will use paper and pencils for the
Limitations to this study included the sample size. The study concluded after 18 months. This study resulted in a power of 48.9% based upon post study power analysis. A study with a population of 348, 174 in each group would be required for sufficient power. An additional limit is the inability to blind the study due to
Paper 1: - An abstract of paper 1 gives overall view of the study, method of study conducted, selected participants and their numbers. It also provides the evidence that how the data and results were collected. The abstract is showing the objectives and have
The sample size is a simple calculation using stated parameters such as confidence level or Z-Score, margin of error, and standard deviation. For this research study, the confidence level is 95%, and the margin of error is 5%, therefore, each sample size is determined to be 289 responses. The calculation is in Appendix B.
This study used a large effect size in their sample size calculation. They calculated the required total sample size for an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with an alpha value of 0.05 and power at 80% to be 66, or 22 participants in each group. The actual sample size for this study is 72, or 24 participants per
Researcher has responsibility to use the appropriate methodology based on the researcher’s knowledge in conducting the study. In this study, the researcher must use the method properly using equally sample, valid instrument and make a right conclusion.
Questionnaires can be printed onto paper, then handed out to people and posted through their doors, or they can be accessible through the internet – sent to people via email or completed as an online questionnaire. An advantage of this is “it allows minimal contact between the researcher and the participant.”
The study have a unique method, sample included 528 participant. 238 female, and 290 males. The mean age of 26.4 positive and negative years, and the range was between 11 to 67 years old. About half of the sample were student, and the other participant were employee, retired, and
Samples size of this study was chosen on the basis of practical considerations rather than statistical estimation. However, according to our experience, the calculated sample size will most likely allow to detect large differences (if any) in parameters (> 50%) between the treatments groups.
It mentions the aim of the research, the criteria of selection of subjects for interviews, details regarding the interviews and data collection procedures and how the data was analyzed and finally the ethical consideration and limitation of study was discussed.
Furthermore, the study design and methods are very much appropriate for the purposes of the study. The study’s set-up and methods allows the authors to address the aims set in the introduction, and they do so in the discussion and conclusion. In addition, the procedures are thoroughly detailed and allow for reproduction from academic readers. The procedures are listed to such a level that gives the study a strong level of
The sample arises due to the inability of the researcher to test all participants in a given population. It is important for the researcher to ensure that the sample is representative of the population they want to test. It is also important that the sample to study must have an adequate size to warrant statistical analysis. The purpose of the sample is to allow the researcher to be able to develop conclusions that which can be applied to the population studied. The desired sample size was determined and confirmed by using statistical power analysis. Using the recommendations provided by Burkholder (n.d.), the alpha and or significance level will be set at p=0.05 and a power of 80%. Based on this, 64 total participants is estimated. The groups will be divided groups of 32 members of each for a medium effect size of 0.50 and a power of
Cooper & Schindler (2014) has referred that using an adequate sample size from a population is critical in performing a correct analysis. In the reports analyzed for this project, the sample size is under what it should be. Limiting the sample size is more cost effective, but in doing so valuable information is left out to determine if the sample size properly represents the population. In addition, specific population targeting (i.e. age) can provide details for that group, but if too much focus is lost on what is perceived as the target population, it is likely that (at least) secondary or possible the new primary population could be overlooked.