Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study

Throughout my research, a challenge I encountered was the fact that some of the articles I encountered seemed to included biases within them especially with the primary view of

The method used to study the hypothesis was by having 328 women completed five surveys up to 72 hours postpartum. They were between the ages of 18-42. Out of the group 68.6% were married or living with a partner and 43.3% had a job. The average number of years the women spent in school was 8.8yrs. More than half (59.2%), did not complete high school and only 2% (6) completed higher education. From the group, 19.2% of them had a miscarriage before. More than half (51.5%) had already

There are many risks associated with parental-age; including the increased likelihood of being pregnant with multiples, high blood pressure, hypertension and gestational diabetes. Consequently, these risks can cause the premature delivery of a baby with a low-birth weight (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 2015; March of Dimes 2017; Evidence Based Birth 2017). Women aged 40 are also susceptible to have a 51% chance of a spontaneous miscarriage and are two and-a-half times as likely to have a stillborn baby (Birth Injury Justice.org 2017); compared to a 22 year old with 8.7% (Birth Injury Justice.org 2017; Evidence Based Birth 2017). The miscarriage rates are higher in older women as they occur within the half of the first trimester due to genetic problems including Down syndrome; as 1 in 53 at the age of 40 have a baby with a genetic disorder, compared to 1 in 1064 at 25 (Evidence Based Birth 2017).

According to Schutt (2008), sampling is defined as a subset of population used in a study to be a representation of the population as a whole. My final project is a pre-hire assessment which analyzes potential risky pattern behaviors and emotions in the work place. One of the most important considerations related to sampling that will need to be addressed in my final project is defining the population that will be taking the assessment.

a) Based on a randomly selected group of 500 patients with high cholesterol, it was found that 67% have heart disease. Is this a population or a sample; explain your answer. Raw data is collected from a subset of patient with high cholesterol to determine numbers describing characteristics of the subset (Bennett, Briggis, & Triola, 2009). The raw data collected from the 500 patients is consolidated and summarized to form sample statistics. The raw data and sample statistics are indications that this is a sample (Bennett, Briggis, & Triola, 2009).

This paper is about miscarriages (Spontaneous abortion). Miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy in the first 20 weeks. About 10 to 20 percent of known pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion, and more than 80 % of these losses happen before 12 weeks. A lot of women today experience miscarriages without even knowing it has happened, if only all women had that experience there would be no grief. But that is not the case. So what things put a woman at high risk for miscarriages? It could be age if a older women gets pregnant and has a miscarriage, the egg is too old and there is a malfunction in the DNA make up, a young girl who’s body has not matured enough to process a strong enough egg, the women who abuses drugs, than there is the more severe cases such as illnesses and diseases and then there is the women who may have been exposed to a STD’s and it has caused her to become unfertile. It has been found that 30 to 50 % of fertilized eggs are lost before or during the process of implantation often so early that a woman goes on to get her period at about the expected time. If only this could happen to all women who have a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) it would save so many mixed emotions.

Qualitative: How do women with histories of miscarriage view the use of supplemental progesterone in early pregnancy?

Many women have a time in their life where they have a pregnancy loss whether it’s an abortion, miscarriage, or stillborn. A lot of mothers go into depression when the loss of their baby is out of their control such as miscarriages and still born. There are family members very close to me who went through this such as my mother who had a miscarriage with in the first trimester and my first cousin who had at still born in fourth trimester. This information is imperative so women can be careful when they are pregnant; also before the pregnancy occurs the information in particular about stillborn and miscarriages is important for potential mothers to know certain procedures they could do in order to prevent and prepare for this tragedy.

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Expecting a child or children can be an exciting experience for expecting parents; however, it may take a physical and mental toll on the mother. During the nine-month period of pregnancy, the baby forms and grows inside the mother’s womb, but all the while the development becomes stronger, the mother becomes weaker. Side effects of pregnancy can include morning sickness, frequent urination, constipation, weaker tissue, and many more obnoxious occurrences. One of the less common side effects that affect the pregnancy altogether is a miscarriage, in which the mother loses the child/children in the first twenty weeks. There are many situations that can lead to miscarriages, such as the egg having an incorrect number of chromosomes, the egg not

According to Holman, Lanfear, Head, and Jennions (2015) “scientific progress rests on reliable data, yet data collection is often subjective. Subjectivity can create biases, many of which derive from cognitive and sensory biases common to us all” (p. 1). They agree with Nickerson (1998) that “confirmation bias ensures that we preferentially detect, focus on, and recall outcomes that confirm our beliefs” (Holman, Lanfear, Head, and Jennions, 2015, p. 1). Due to this, when scientists research a subject they interpret the results through the eyes of their opinions. Holman et al (2015) asserts that this bias affects not just the data collection, but the study as a whole (p. 1). For example, in the case of medication testing, an experimenter may

The pathway of care for EP and miscarriage have evolved in the recent decades, which have effected on the reporting trends of hospital admissions for EP and miscarriage. Without unified and validated databases of inpatient and outpatients data a national levels, trends of hospital admissions for EP and miscarriage are difficult to estimate, and they are falsely reported. The type of management of EP and miscarriage, and services available at maternity hospitals, such as early pregnancy units, are some of the factors that might influence on differences when reporting incidence rates found in the literature. However, more research is needed to fully understand the socioeconomic and pathways of care factors impact on women’s morbidity when experiencing

P - Population: A random sample of pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage with unknown etiology

Before this systematic review published, only two reviews were available of outcomes for singletons after IVF techniques. In comparison with natural conception, it has been proposed that the obstetric results of pregnancies are poorer with IVF/ICSI. Today, it is reported that the number of women that undergo IVF/ICSI process is increasing around the world. With this, I am curious about the risks for women having IVF/ICSI and how perilous it is to them since the process is not natural. I would also like to know what causes the risks and specifically the factors that increase them. As a nurse who had IVF education and practice and worked with such renowned IVF specialists such as Dr. Buckett, Dr. Holzer and Dr.Tan, I decided to conduct a synthesized evidence search on the systematic review so that I can help these patients to have more attentive care to prevent or minimize the possible risks of In Vitro Fertilization techniques that may potentially endanger them.

In statistical tests, we must rely on assumptions regarding the variables we used in the analysis. If these assumptions are not met we may arrive at results that are incorrect, or not representative of the population, typically due to a Type I or a Type II error, or an over or under estimation of significance or effect size. Osborne and Waters (n.d., p. 1) quote an 1997 article by Pedhazur stating “Knowledge and understanding of the situations when violations of assumptions lead to serious biases, and when they are of little consequence, are essential to meaningful data analysis” which while a very important point, really only holds importance when researchers test assumptions, an important step in data analysis that is rarely performed.