Lamivudine Lab Report

Dr. N.A.S states that one of the antiretrovirals blocks translation of RNA into the proteins required to make new viruses. Some of the current antiretrovirals include reverse transcriptase, fusion and entry, protease, and integrase inhibitors;6,10 however there is not an inhibitor that blocks translation of rna into proteins on the market. Targeting inhibitors specific to HIV has made ARVs increasingly effective and less harmful to humans.

In order to conduct this research paper, access was gained into the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley library website (http://www.utpa.edu/library). Under the heading of ‘Articles and Databases’, Pub Med was selected. Entering the key-words‘Brilinta’, ‘NSTE ACS’ and ‘Brilinta vs Plavix’ this search was conducted. This search was conducted on several separate occasions. Over 350 articles were returned with these key-words mentioned in the title.

PER REPORTER: On 9-20-2015 Lamonice was upset and outside loud talking. It is unknown why Lamonica was upset. The reporter siad because she was upset she took it out on Bernard. The reporter said that Lamonica was hitting Bernard all over his head. It is unknown if Bernard has any marks or brusies. However, the reporter said if he did you would not be able to see them because Bernrad is dark. According to the reporter Lamonice has been taking her anger out on Bernard for about 5 months, but last night she went overboard with it. Per reporter Lamonica does not treat her other child jace nothing like this. The reporter said that Bernard is a very quiet child and he comes across like he has a disability. It is unknown if Bernard actually

Initial curative treatment in the early 1990’s used interferon and the antiviral ribavirin with a cure rate of 50% (Watson, n.d., p. 1). 2011 saw the invention of two antiviral medications, telaprivir and boceprevir, that increased cure rates to 70%. In 2013 newer drugs, simeprevir and sofosbuvir, were introduced with the later creating 90% cure rates in patients (Watson, n.d., p.gs. 1-2). Simeprevir (Sovaldi) was created for administration once per day over a minimum of a year (Gilead, 2014). Eradication of the disease in patients is effective in patients co-infected with HIV with low rates of side effects (Sulkowski, et al., 2014), highlighting its efficacy in complex patient populations. The cost of such treatment is $1,000 per day with an average cost for curative course exceeding $94,000 (Venteicher, 2014). The medication is FDA approved and prescribed readily, but patients are not receiving access to the medication through their insurers.

When the HIV virus was identified in the 1980’s, many companies began to search for an antiviral drug but Burroughs Wellcome led the research effort. There were three drugs being tested by other companies as well including, AZT by Burroughs Wellcome, DDI by Bristol Myers and DDC by Hoffman-LaRoche. These drugs inhibit reproduction of HIV and slow the damage it causes.

Lamivudine(LAM) and Abacavir (ABA) are Nucleoside reverese transcriptase inhibitors which are used in the treatment of HIV . Lamivudine also used to treat the severe acute HBV hepatitis. Lamivudine is chemically known as 4 amino-1-[2R, 5S]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 3-oxathiolan-5yl] pyrimidine-2-one1-3 where as Abacavir is chemically [1R-4-(2amino -6- cyclopropylamine) purine -9-yl]-1-cyclopent -2enyl] methanol 4,5. Lamivudine is practically insoluble in acetone, but very soluble in water and methanol. Abacavir17 is freely soluble in water. The drugs are available individually, as well as multicomponent dosage forms in the market. The literature review reveals that there are some analytical methods reported for Abacavir and Lamivudine either

Lamotrigine (LTG) is a new-generation antiepileptic drug (AED) that is approved for use as adjunctive therapy or monotherapy in adults and children in more than 70 countries worldwide.1 LTG shows broad spectrum efficacy against partial seizures, primarily and secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures, absence seizures, drop attacks associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and, possibly, other seizure types.2,3 it acts by inhibiting voltage-activated sodium channels and possibly calcium channels so that it prevents the release of excitatory amino acids, particularly glutamate.4 LTG is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (Tmax, 1-3 hours) with a bioavailabilty of 98%. Absorption of LTG is linearly related to dose and is not affected

Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has become a global issue that has infected an estimated 35 million people living today1. The strain HIV-1 has been of experimental concern for years in hopes of a cure. This retrovirus directly infects the immune system by binding helper T-cells via the CD4 receptor. This allows for integration of the viral RNA into the T-cells, and causes the immune system to weaken by killing these immune cells. Advancements in research led to the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for treatment, however this does not cure the patient of HIV but it suppresses the viral replication of HIV-1 to very low levels2.

Since the introduction of novel antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the mid-1990s, the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has changed, such that persons infected with HIV have enjoyed substantial reductions in HIV/AIDS associated morbidity and mortality (1-4). A critical determinant of ART success however, depends on sustained adherence to the medication regimen. Previous studies have shown that ART adherence rates of ≥ 95% are associated with HIV viral suppression (5, 6), increased CD4+ cell count (7), and are also an important predictor of survival (8) and slower progression of disease (9).

Human immunodeficiency virus, also referred to as HIV, came to the forefront of disease research in the 1980s as the disease began to spread throughout the world, eventually reaching pandemic status. HIV is a viral disease that targets the body’s immune system, and can potentially lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS. Currently there is no cure for HIV; however, there are treatments available that prolong the lives of the infected individuals and are successful in controlling the disease. Research for HIV is ongoing, and discoveries are still being made about how the disease works and functions once inside the body. In addition to research, advancements in treatment have been made, setting a precedent for more effective

“They looked at multiple coding sequences of the HIV-1 integrase enzyme form blood plasma samples of 61 patients. They categorized the main integrase region sequences as subtype B, with minor subtypes being C (CRF01-AE, CRF02-AG and CRF13-cpx), D and G. No major integrase drug resistance mutations have been observed in new patients beginning with integrase inhibitor treatment, however in 30 cases, polymorphic variations with the E157Q mutation were observed. This mutation was more common among subtype B (26 cases) than with non-B subtypes (5 cases). Major integrase inhibitor drug resistance mutations (G140S, Q148H, N155H, V151I, E92EQ, V151I, G163R) were notable in four of these cases. Time to the development of drug resistance ranged from 3 to 16 months with a mean increase of HIV viral load of 4.34 HIV-RNA copies/ml at the time of emergence of the major mutations.” (11) Figure 1 demonstrates four cases in which resistance to integrase inhibitors were observed.

With the advances made in medicine, there are treatment options available for individuals who suffer from HIV and AIDS. The first treatment for HIV was a nucleoside that inhibited reverse transcriptase and is name azidothymidine (Coico, & Sunshine, 2009, P. 273). With the fast rate that HIV can cause mutations, drug resistance occurs rapidly and is different in each individual who is infected. Treatments are not affective against HIV if the particular virus is resistant to the treatment; however, more recent treatments have shown improvements where individuals can be on them for years before a drug resistant reaction is observed (Pennings, 2013, P. 1). The highly

According to Günthard et al., "antiretroviral agents remain the cornerstone of HIV treatment. All HIV-infected individuals with detectable plasma virus should receive treatment with recommended initial regimens consisting of an InSTI plus 2 NRTIs" (2016, p.192). Current antiretroviral HIV treatments focus on blocking HIV viruses at different stages of the virus life cycles. The most common classes of medications include entry inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase strand transfer inhibitor and protease inhibitors. Multi-drug therapy including medications from at least 2 or 3 different classes is normally used to slow the progression of the diseases and to increases life expectancy of those patients (Chereshenev et al., 2013).

Pharmacokinetic parameters, including half life t1/2 (h) was calculated as 0.693/Kelim.. The maximum drug concentration (Cmax, ng/ml) and the time to reach Cmax (Tmax, h) were got from the individual plasma concentration-time curves. The area under the curve AUC0–12 (ng h/ml) was calculated as the area under the plasma concentration-time curve up to the final measured sampling time and calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule ( 101)

HIV becomes drug resistance when the ARV treatments’ are not adhered to. Once the patient has taken their antiretroviral (ARVs) medication then stops the HIV is able to replicate and will do so at a rapid rate. As a result mutations are very common (Jen Gorgan and Ruth Suter;2009)