Alsocholism

Copy this document into Word or Google docs and for each question, write a short answer or paragraph as specified. Please use complete sentences. Upload your completed assignment to CANVAS.

Answer the questions below. When you are finished, turn in your assignment for grading. Use complete sentences and answer each part of the assignment.

Type the answers to the assignment's questions. Use complete sentences unless the question says otherwise. You will have more than one day to complete an assignment. At the end of each day, be sure to save your progress.

Your essays will be graded on content to include grammar and spelling. Each case should take 1-2 pages including diagrams. The essay answers for both #2 and #3 should be 500 to 700 words each, in order to completely answer the questions. Please submit as one document.

Directions: Use your graded tests and Unit 4 & 5 notes to answer the following questions. You can find the answers for #’s 1 – 62 on Exam 1 (3rd Nine Weeks Exam) and #’s 63 – 100 on your unit notes. Write your answers in the space provided, below each question.

2.) Answer the following questions based on a reading of the above document and material from your textbook.

Directions:  Answer each question in a paragraph—be sure to give specific details and examples.  Remember that each of these questions has multiple parts to it.  You must type your responses out and hand it to me by the end of our class period.

“Health officials soon traced the outbreak of food poisoning to undercooked hamburgers served at local Jack in the Box restaurants.”

CD4 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infects cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes (T cells) and macrophages. HIV has an envelope and contains two copies of single-stranded RNA as the genome. Within the viral capsid are important viral enzymes called reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. The HIV virus has a spike protein that is called gp120, and the host cell receptor is CD4+. HIV belongs to a class of viruses called retroviruses. Retroviruses are RNA viruses, and to replicate or reproduce, they must make a DNA copy of their RNA through transcription and translation. It is the DNA genes that allow the

Type the answers to the assignment's questions. Use complete sentences unless the question says otherwise. You will have more than one day to complete an assignment. At the end of each day, be sure to save your progress.

Viruses are microscopic organisms that can only replicate inside cells of the host organism. Viruses for the most part are so small you would have to use a conventional optical microscope. Viruses can infect any and all types of organisms, such as animals (to include Humans), plants and even bacteria as well as archaea (archaea constitutes a domain or kingdom of single-celled microorganisms). There are millions of different types of viruses. With viruses being believed to be the most abundant type of biological entity, they can be virtually found in every ecosystem on the planet.

24.Which of the following are common means by which binding of an intercellular chemical messenger with a cell’s receptor brings about an intracellular response?

Entering human body is not easy. The bacteria and other harmful materials can enter human body either via food or cuts and injuries on the skin. However, there foreign agents are not always welcomed in the human body. There are immune cells that fight harmful agents. The immunity system in the human body identifies harmful microbes like bacteria, viruses, and others and provides defense to the body against these substances. There are antigens present in viruses, fungi, or bacteria and these antigens are normally proteins or toxins, chemicals, drugs, etc. that show the presence of foreign harmful agent. The immunity system of man identifies these antigens and fights the microbes producing them.

Some of the agents included in this category are ricin [toxin], Typhus fever [virus], Brucellosis [bacteria], and Salmonella [bacteria]. “C” category on the other hand categorizes more of the newer emerging infectious diseases and the possible ones made in a laboratory environment.

The HIV-1 virion is approximately 120 nm in diameter, roughly spherical, and is composed of two copies of a single stranded positive sense RNA enclosed by a capsid (24). The HIV-1 genome is less than 10 kb and encodes for more than nine different gene products. It encodes for 3 major structural protein genes: gag (group-specific antigen), pol (DNA polymerase), and env (Envelope), which code for major structural proteins and essential enzymes. Gag generates the mature Gag protein matrix (MA or p17), capsid (CA or p24), nucleocapsid (NC or p7), and p6, which encompass proteins for the basic infrastructure of the virus such as the inner core of the viral particle (25). Pol encodes for reverse transcriptase (RT), which enables the virus to reproduce, integrase (IN), which is necessary to integrate the viral double stranded DNA into the host genome, RNAse H, and HIV protease, which are all encapsulated in the core of the inner particle formed by the viral capsid protein p24 (25). Env encodes for glycoproteins of the outer membrane such as outer gp120 (which enables the virus to attach and fuse to cells of the host), and transmembrane gp41 that anchors the glycoprotein complex to the surface of the virion (25). Between the core and the envelope is the HIV matrix proteins which are composed of the viral protein p17 (23). HIV-1 also encodes for proteins with important regulatory elements (tat (Trans-Activator of Transcription) and rev