Alfred W. Crosby's Article The Columbian Voyages, The Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians

The discovery of the New world or America in the year 1492, and The Columbian Exchange it played a significant role on bring resources to various parts of the world. It brought the exchange of various resources like plants, animals, and diseases across the world. The year was 1492 is when Christopher set sail and put in motion The Columbian Exchange or also known as The Great Exchange. The Columbian Exchange affected the geographic location with the trading routes with Afro-Eurasia to the Americas. Also, The Exchange affected the economic with various countries with the trading. Finally, it affected the social change that made us the county we are to this day. With this exchange set forth the trading of various

It is terrifying to realize that the human population on Earth has reached over 7.3 billion people. This astonishing and constantly increasing amount of people threatens our planet’s limited resources. It is times like these that make me nostalgic for the feudal ages, where large populations of people were decimated by illnesses such as the plague. The advances in modern medicine today, while extremely impressive, are ultimately extremely detrimental to the human population as a whole because they surprisingly help prevent people from dying. How dare they! Humans are starting to get a better quality of life due to the many advances in medical technology and knowledge, but at what cost? People won’t die! The question is, why should we, as a society, try to prevent people from dying when it’s inevitable? In the animal kingdom, it’s everyone for themselves, or survival of the fittest. If people are too weak to fight off an illness, or too stupid to find a way to stay alive, then they should die.

The Colombian Exchange was an extensive exchange between the eastern and western hemispheres as knows as the Old World and New World. The Colombian exchange greatly affects almost every society. It prompted both voluntary and forced migration of millions of human beings. There are both positive and negative effects that you can see from the Colombian Exchange. The Colombian Exchange explorers created contact between Europe and the Americas. The interaction with Native Americans began the exchange of animals, plants, disease, and weapons. The most significant effects that the Colombian Exchange had on the Old World and New World were its changes in agriculture, disease, culture, and its effects on ecology.

them into the autotrophs and secure their position at the bottom of the food chain,

Take a good look. These are the effects of just some of dozens of infectious diseases we are dealing with today. Pretty gross isn’t it? Well here is the good news. These diseases are preventable. With the medical achievement of vaccinations, most viral infections have been significantly reduced if not completely eradicated. Everyone should get their vaccinations in order to protect both themselves and the people around them.

The Columbian Exchange, however, is arguably a period in history that has had the most impact on present-day life. It affected the types of food that we eat today, not only because new plants and animals were brought over to the region, but also because various plants and animals were brought to other regions as well (Gambino). Countless other regions developed new foods, which can now be seen in our everyday lives. (Greene). The Columbian Exchange also had a large impact on the progression of population growth and the deaths of other populations. Since new foods were being brought over, the diets of certain regions were improved, which lead to the substantiality of a large population and more reproduction (Greene). Lastly, the Columbian Exchange also spread large amounts of disease between both the new and the old world killing off countless numbers of individuals and even some Native American Cultures (Gambino). The growth and depletion of previous populations impact everyday life because it influenced the development of other cultures and possible advancements they might have

The Columbian Exchange was a time when the Europeans and the Native North Americans exchanged many cultural and physical ideas and items from both the New World and Old. The Europeans gave the Natives a sense of civilization when they were given a written alphabet, farming capabilities, new warfare technology, and improved building techniques. This invasion of culture gave the Europeans room to spread their knowledge of Christianity and allow them to attempt conversion of the Natives. By teaching the Natives how to read and write a European language, the Europeans could now more easily communicate and trade with the people of the New World. Giving the Natives the use of a plow for their farming techniques, gave the Europeans access to endless

Ecosystems: when they are taken out there predators will have nothing more to eat then they will start dying off and it will keep going like a chain reaction.

I found it interesting that you mentioned the importance of vaccination since they are often overlooked and can cause public controversy. It would be nice to stop a disease than to treat it after it happens. This way, your body will be trained and will be able to protect itself if ever these diseases strike back.

That could kill them if their main food is gone, they could have either adapted a new food or they could have died off

The scientific community is increasing the number of studies dedicated to understanding the causes and effects of trophic cascades, due in part to human actions that are immensely decreasing the populations of apex predators worldwide. Since the mid-1900’s, numerous observations have noted the direct, and indirect, effects of apex predators on smaller animal species and plant communities. Although there is adequate evidence on the impact of apex predator removal on small scale ecosystem functioning, a question remains as to the impact that will occur on the global

What happens when predators decline or, worse, disappear? In short, wherever we looked, we saw major environmental problems.

Stanley Maloy, who is San Diego University, gave a lecture about how global changings impact to an infection disease. In 1900s, people had 1% of chance to die from infection diseases. In 1950s, the probability decreased because we established the treatment. However, in 1970, new infection diseases emerged such as Ebola and Zika, and these new infection diseases are spreading over the world. He mentioned that there were three main causes; rising ocean water temperature, rising atmospheric temperature, and extreme weather. In my working position, emerging new infection diseases are also big problems. I believe that the need for good preventive medicine is obvious. We might need new vaccine or medicine, but a vast sum of money and time are needed

If orangutans were removed from the ecosystem, a large amount of fruit are produced each year. Due to the increase of fruits and leaves, primary consumers including monkeys which have related diets will increase in population because of the fruits and others, which also increase the secondary and tertiary consumers. But because of this effect, now jaguars and possibly other organisms that eat orangutans lose one of their diet, also resulting population loss. You cannot accurately tell all possible affects that are going to happen because if one organism was removed, consumers will decrease in population.

“The rodents spread the plague from China to Europe and it hit Britain in 1348.”(Bates, Claire) So if the world is so populated more people will be homeless, and the disease could spread easier wiping out millions. The black death was also spread by people getting bites from infected rats, the disease travels through the body into the lungs, and when the person coughs or sneezes, the disease is transmitted into the air and can infect people who breath in that same air. So if the world becomes too over populated and there aren’t enough houses people will be living on the streets where disease could spread easier and faster just like the black death. “Indirect contact infections spread when an infected person sneezes or coughs, sending infectious droplets into the air.”(DIRECT…) So if everyone if coughing and sneezing then anyone who breathes in that contaminated air could get the disease. “Last year, it called dengue the “most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease” in the world—faster than West Nile virus or malaria.”(The deadly…) If this disease was to break out when the world is overpopulated a disease could take out almost half the entire human race.There are hundreds of diseases that can be spread by animals, some examples are all types of Influenza, Bubonic Plague, zoonotic diseases, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and Polio. One disease is the Zika virus, it is spread by mosquito bites who bite women and when if the infected women gets pregnant the Zika virus transfers the virus to the child, once the child is born the child could be born with a fatal brain defect. When the world becomes more populated more people could get bit with more mosquitos and get the Zika virus and a whole new generation of kids could be born with a brain