A Study That Affects College Students Of Sleep

4.     What is more important in an experimental study, designing the study in order to make strong internal validity claims or strong external validity claims? Why?

The external validity refers to the ability of whether or not a generalization can be made for the entire population. External validity is increased by an experiment that reflects reality. There are three major threats to the external validity of a research, people, time and places. The external validity will be guaranteed by slightly altering the places and time frame of this research (Patzer, 1996).

The number one internal threat to validity is her selection. The two groups in her study are not equivalent. Ms. Duracell’s group of students is in Evernote advanced placement and is all English speaking. The comparison group is a basic English class, in an urban school, with students who are primarily English language learners. A second threat to validity is experimenter effect. Ms. Duracell is excited about the use of the Evernote app. This excitement about the use of the app and the study that she is conducting may very well have affected the outcome of the study. Third, the students in Ms. Duracell’s class may have experienced the novelty effect, which is a subtype of subject effects. The students in this case were trying something new (the app), and the excitement of using something different may have caused a difference. Unfortunately, this novelty eventually wears off. And last, this study does have an external threat to validity. The population that was affected positively in this study, are students that have access to iPads in school. Not all students have this luxury, therefore, making the results from this study unbelievable and unable to be generalized.

In this study I found the threat to internal validity to be history and differential selection of participants. History is a

Hailey, thanks for sharing your input. I like the way you explained the internal and external validity factors as you mentioned that correctness is important because it proves that study is valid or invalid. It is very important because both factors have threats. Internal validity threats are history effect, maturation effect, testing effect, instrumentation effect, selection bias, selection maturation effect, statistical regression, mortality/attrition, Hawthorne effect, placebo effect, diffusion of treatment, location, and implementation. Researchers must control those threats to achieve internal vality. External validity threats are selection treatment interaction, settling treatment interaction, and history treatment interaction. Research

The elements applicable to internal validity are its history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, experimental mortality, and interaction effects (Hagan, 2010). The internal elements mentioned are important because they are factors that could be responsible for producing results, instead of the assumed treatment being responsible (Hagan, 2010). I believe that maturation should be the internal element that researchers are most concerned because the changes that occur are either biological or psychological and are not a result of the experimental variable (Hagan, 2010). Simply meaning, that people change and any experiment based on a person’s attitudes and/or behaviors can have an impact on one’s study.

Validity is an important aspect of the research design. For instance, in research the uses statistics as the primary form of measurement. Validity applies to the truth of a standard. A measure is valid, in general, when it (Renata, 2011, 1) includes what it devised to measure. Renata (2011) explained, "Internal and external validity are the two primary types of validity" (para. 1). However, both display diverse aspects of a study’s design and results.

The term validity is the state of being valid or an experiment that meets all the requirements in the scientific research method. The term reliability means the results being performed in an experiment must have more than one-off meaning it must have the same results repeatedly. There are two different validity types. One of them is internal and the other is external validity. Internal validity shows how an experiment is being constructed including all the steps being executed in the scientific research method. External validity is when researchers examine the results that were being obtained for questioning whether or not if there are any possible solutions to a causal relationship. The new insights I’ve gained from these important concepts

One of threats to internal validity is selection. Selection encompasses bias resulting from pre-existing differences between groups. When participants are not assigned to groups randomly, the groups being compared can be non-equivalent. Seven research studies from primary sources were cohort studies and one was case-control study. The data were not randomly selected, which could cause bias. Furthermore, gender selection was another factor affecting internal validity. The three studies (Chen, et al., 2015; de Jager, et al, 2012; Hermos, et al., 2012) only selected male participants, which could result in bias. Additionally, According to the book, “Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice” (Polit & Beck, 2012), external validity is about the generalizability of causal inferences, which is essential concern for research that aims to yield evidence. Threats to external validity in quantitative research studies include interaction between relationship and people and interaction between causal effects and treatment variation. The study (Ho, et al., 2015) excluded patients who had history of stroke and pneumonia. Exclusion of patient who had stroke and pneumonia could also result in

Both reliability and validity are essential to the research process. Reliability and validity ensures that research data is both valuable and useful. Reliability is essentially, the ability to repeat the finding of research (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). Research proves its reliability by yielding the same results numerous times. Validity is essentially, the believability of the research (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). Research proves its validity by the providing legitimate and honest research. In research there are two main types of validly, internal and external (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). The internal validity of a research study refers to the amount of truth in the conclusions drawn regarding the cause-effect or causality and is dependent on the amount of existing variables (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). The external validity of a research study signifies the degree to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to varying demographics (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009). All research must possess the presence of both internal and external validity as well as measurement validity and reliability (Leedy & Ormrod, 2009).

A threat to external validity is an explanation of how you might be wrong in making a generalization. Threats to internal validity would be history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression, selection, subject attrition, and additive effects with selection. All of this that has just been listed are gaps that will be addressed in this study. The way they’ll be addressed will be through methodological control which will be done in the methods section of this study.

The following words and phrases used in this study are defined for clarity and are critical for the understanding of the concept of the study topic.

Clarification of the theoretical model development has been provided in this section; presenting the research design that could be applied to carry out the empirical research for present research is the aim of research methodology. broader presumption of a study is connected to its detailed methods of data collection, analyses and interpretation through research design (Bag & Anand, 2014).

-You think the research design has “reliability”? Do you think the data has “internal and external validity”?

Validity refers to the degree to which a study correctly reflects or assesses the specific concept that the writers are attempting to measure. The construct is the concept, notion, question or hypotheses that determine which data is to be gathered. Mostly, validity is concerned with the study’s success in measuring what the researchers set out to measure. In this article, the writers have been selected external data through company’s annual