Study Questions 4

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PHIL-1040

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Philosophy

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Dec 6, 2023

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Study Questions 4.1 After reading Ethics for Dummies, by Panza & Potthast, chapter 8, provide written answers to the following questions. Please give complete answers in complete sentences. 1. What is a moral principle? How does it differ from a moral rule? Moral principles are laws people apply to themselves to make sure they’re doing the right thing. This differs from moral rules because moral rules are rules on how to live your life that we’re pushed onto you by somebody else. 2. What is practical reason? Practical reason is the ability to set ends for yourself. 3. What is the difference between acting from duty and acting from inclination? Acting from duty is being motivated by principles that were forged by practical reason. While acting from inclination is being motivated by what you normally do. It’s a more natural habit. 4. What is the difference between acting in accord with duty and acting from duty? (Use the honest shopkeeper as an example.) Acting in accord with duty is unethical; when you act with duty this means whatever meets your needs comes first. Acting from duty means your actions are based off ethical morals. 5. What is the difference between heteronomy and autonomy? What is the connection between living ethically and living free? Autonomy is the ability to make your own decisions, while heteronomy is the ability to let nature make the decisions for you. Being free and living ethically are connected by free will, you choose to act/behave ethically without freewill. 6. What is a maxim? Maxim is the principal behind actions. 7. What is an imperative? What is the difference between a hypothetical imperative and the categorical imperative? An imperative is the principle you have to follow. The difference between categorial imperative and hypnotical imperative is that hypnotic imperative is uniquely based on the individual when it comes to a goal, while categorial imperative is applied to everybody no matter the goal.
8. What is the Formula of Universal Law? Explain what it means. The formula of Universal Law is a law that argues that you should only act on something that everybody else could act on as well. Hold everybody, including yourself, to equal standards 9. What is a universalizability test? (NOTE: Panza & Potthast misspell it!) The universalizability test goes into the formula of universal law, which argues that everything should have equal standards and morally passable. 10. What is the Formula of Humanity? Explain what it means. Formula of humanity is a formula that argues that we should always try and treat people with respect and never as a means. 11. What is a kingdom of ends? How is the Formula of the Kingdom of Ends related to the two previous formulas? The kingdom of ends a utopian idea where everybody is rational beings that respect everybody else’s choices. This is related to the two previous theories because it bleeds into the idea of this society. 12. What do Panza & Potthast say is the difference between perfect duties and imperfect duties? (NOTE: In trying to simplify the distinction, they may miss what is essential. Note later how Mill characterizes the difference.) Perfect duties are duties you must act on to live a moral life. Imperfect duties are that are only required of you some of the time to live a moral life. 13. How does the Formula of Universal Law help distinguish perfect from imperfect duties? (NOTE: Panza & Potthast do a pretty good job with this.) 14. What is one of the four examples of specific duties Kant uses, and how does violating it also violate the categorical imperative? 15. Why might it be a problem that duties in Kantian ethics are unconditional? The problem with this is that in certain situations this would be completely unethical or irrational. 16. Why might it be a problem that Kantian ethics focuses on rationality (and rational beings)? This can become a problem because it’s not leaving enough room for feelings and emotions.
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