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Chemistry
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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Esber 1
Morgan Esber, Tyler Dye, Josh Higgins, John Holbrook
11/02/2023
Lab 6: Chemical Reactions
Goal:
The primary objective of this laboratory experiment is to develop and demonstrate
proficiency in essential chemical skills and techniques. This involves planning, executing, and
analyzing a chemical reaction and identifying an unknown compound based on its distinctive
characteristics. Specifically, in Part 1 of the lab, the goal is to meticulously design and perform a
chemical reaction converting Na
2
CO
3
and HCl into NaCl, ensuring 1.000 g of NaCl synthesis.
Achieving this target will necessitate precise stoichiometric calculations to determine the
required quantities of reactants and the subsequent calculation of the reaction's percent yield as
an indicator of success. In Part Two, the objective is to identify an unknown compound, which
could be one of the following: Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, K
2
CO
3
, or KHCO
3
. The challenge is to
differentiate among these chemically similar substances through rigorous tests and analytical
techniques, thus showcasing the ability to discern subtle differences in physical and chemical
properties. To attain these goals effectively, thorough preparation and a comprehensive
understanding of the lab procedures before the actual experiment are essential, ensuring a higher
likelihood of success and minimizing the risk of time constraints.
Background:
Chemistry, as a discipline, hinges upon fundamental laboratory skills that
empower scientists to manipulate matter, engineer chemical reactions, and draw valuable insights
from their outcomes. Among these proficiencies, the ability to judiciously select reagents,
determine appropriate quantities, isolate the desired product in its pure form, and gauge the
Esber 2
success of a reaction through percent yield calculations is one of the cornerstones of chemical
experimentation.
We aim to develop and demonstrate these critical laboratory skills in this laboratory
endeavor by tackling a two-part challenge. The first segment of this lab centers on transforming
sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
) into sodium chloride (NaCl). This task necessitates a comprehensive
understanding of reaction design and execution. Participants must make informed choices about
all aspects of the reaction, from the selection of reagents to the precise quantities of substances
involved. The ultimate objective is to synthesize 1.000 grams of sodium chloride, a target that
mandates careful stoichiometric calculations to ascertain the quantities of reactants needed and
the subsequent calculation of the reaction's percent yield to measure its success.
In the second part of the lab, participants are presented with an intriguing puzzle—a
sample of an unknown compound. The identity of this compound could be one of four
possibilities: sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO
3
), potassium carbonate
(K
2
CO
3
), or potassium bicarbonate (KHCO
3
). These compounds are notably similar in their
physical and chemical properties, adding a layer of complexity to the identification process.
Distinguishing among these closely related substances will require combining chemical tests,
analytical techniques, and a keen eye for subtle differences.
To ensure the successful completion of this laboratory exercise, it is paramount that
students take the time to read and digest the provided handout carefully. Furthermore, conducting
additional preparation before and between lab sessions, possibly at home, will significantly
enhance the likelihood of a successful outcome and prevent time-related challenges. With this
Esber 3
understanding and preparation, students can approach the lab with confidence and the requisite
skills to tackle these fundamental challenges in chemistry.
Approach:
In the initial planning phase, be open to multiple possibilities. Consider and
plan for crucial aspects of the reaction, including the selection of reactants, the required
quantities of each reactant, the choice of limiting and excess reagents, the potential need for a
solvent, appropriate glassware, and methods for isolating the final product. Devise a strategy for
removing byproducts and unreacted starting materials to obtain pure NaCl. Develop a balanced
chemical equation for the intended reaction. Collaborate with lab partners to create a detailed
proposal for the reaction. We started by brainstorming different ways to make a chemical
reaction so the Na
2
CO
3
and HCl would produce sodium chloride. The original ideas for step one
are as follows: do stoichiometry to decide how much of each substance to use and then mix them
together, put it in a beaker on a hot plate, and see if it would create sodium chloride. After
starting the experiment, we realized that this plan worked very well. In this experiment, the task
was given to create 1 g of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) through chemical means. First, find the
correct formula and chemicals to use. Also, to calculate the amount of each chemical to use. The
Balanced Chemical Equation that will be used is Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl --> 2NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O. Then,
calculate the amount of reactants to use to create 1 g of NaCl.
Brainstorm various reactants that
could be added to Na
2
CO
3
to yield NaCl. We set up the second half of the lab the same way we
set up and approached the first part. The only difference is that we added a flame test and figured
out the pH of the unknown. For the second part of the lab, we researched and created a plan for
identifying your unknown compound. Strategize chemical or physical analyses needed to
determine the identity of the unknown. Plan to carry out a minimum of four separate analyses or
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Related Questions
A LEAP 2025 Prep in 8th Grade Sci x
s.com/r/s/0/doc/607216/sp/179325173/mi/571531285?cfi=%2F4%2F4
Chapter 7 Key Terms Activity
Word Bank
covalent
ionic
atoms
ions
reactants
molecules
bonding
gains
products
share
cation
equation
reaction
anion
form 2.
or compounds through 3.
during a chemical 4.
The best way to express this reaction is with a chemical
5.
In this expression, you can show how 6.
result into
7.
Some of the reactions involve 8,
in which a(n)
and a(n) 10.
form a neutral product. The atoms form
9.
bonds in which one atom 12.
an electron and another
11
atom 13
an electron, 14
bonding occurs when atoms
15.
electrons.
Key terms are defined in the book's glossary. Answers to Key Term Activities and chapter
reviews are found in the Teacher's Cuide
Teachers, remember there is a review test for your use in the Teacher's Guide
hp
arrow_forward
Predict the products of the reaction below. That is, complete the right-hand side of the chemical equation. Be sure your equation is balanced.
HI + NaOH →
I Don't Know
1841
Submit
3
E
5
T
6
G
0-0
X
S
stv♫
5
© 2023 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Cer
A
all
9
zoom
arrow_forward
Define the following terms
Centrifuge
Supernatant liquid
Precipitation
Decant
Washing precipitate
arrow_forward
19. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is
_CO2 (g) + _H₂O (1)→ __C6H1206 (s) +
(C6H12O6 is glucose, the simplest sugar)
a. Balance the chemical equation above by filling in the blanks.
b. According to onetreeplanted.org, the average tree (across all climates and sizes) removes 10 kg of
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere every year. Based on this, what mass of glucose is produced
annually by the average tree?
O2 (g)
c. Teak is a common species of tropical tree. The graph below shows the amount of CO₂ absorbed by teak
forests in tons of CO₂ per hectare of forest per year, according to the climate region where the forests
are found (dry = low rainfall, humid=high rainfall). Looking at your photosynthesis equation again, what
does this data suggest about which reactant is the limiting reactant for teak trees? Explain.
C Teak
Carbon sequestration rate (tons CO₂ ha -1yr -1)
10
10
20
Tropical
humid
Tropical
dry
Aboveground biomass,
0-20 years
Belowground biomass,
0 -20 years
arrow_forward
What is Environmental chemistry?
What is Stoichiometry?
What are the types of chemical reactions?
Include sources and cite references.
arrow_forward
→ 2 NH3(g)
Consider the following reaction: N₂(g) + 3 H₂(g)
At time zero there are 0.30 M N₂ and 0.45 M H₂. After 75 seconds have elapsed, the H₂ concentration has fallen to 0.34 M.
How much [N₂] has changed after 75 seconds? Use "E" for scientific notation. Do not enter units as part of your answer.
arrow_forward
3
Chemical reactions don't just happen in the lab. Discuss two or more Redox reactions which are important in the real world, and why they are important. Make sure to include a balanced chemical equation and a short description for how and where this reaction occurs. Answer in at least 200 words.
arrow_forward
Classify each of these reactions.
Reaction
2 NaOH(aq) + Pb(CIO3)₂(aq) -
C₂H₂(g) + 30₂(g) -
2 AgNO3(aq) + Zn(s)
HI(aq) + LiOH(aq)
2 NaC1O3(aq) + Pb(OH)₂ (s)
2 CO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(1)
Zn(NO3)₂(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
H₂O(1) + Lil(aq)
redox
Answer Bank
acid-base neutralization
Type
precipitation
arrow_forward
Identify the missing organic reactant in the following reaction:
OH
+ X
H+
HO.
H+
Note: This chemical equation only focuses on the important organic molecules in the reaction. Additional inorganic or small-molecule reactants or products
(like H₂O) are not shown.
In the drawing area below, draw the skeletal ("line") structure of the missing organic reactant X.
Click and drag to start drawing a structure.
arrow_forward
One day in lab, while taking apart a complicated distillation apparatus, your friend Reuben (an expert chemist) says this:
"Ammonium salts heated with aqueous hydroxides form ammonia, water, and a salt."
Using Reuben's statement, and what you already know about chemistry, predict the products of the following reaction.
Be sure your chemical equation is balanced!
NHÃNO₂(aq) + KOH(aq) → [
ローロ
O+O
X
NO
REACTION
3
arrow_forward
For the reaction 2N2O5(g) ® 4NO2(g) + O2(g), the following data were collected.
t (minutes)
[N2O5] (mol/L)
0
1.24 x 10–2
10
0.92 x 10–2
20
0.68 x10–2
30
0.50 x 10–2
40
0.37 x 10–2
50
0.28 ´ 10–2
70
0.15 ´ 10–2
The initial rate of production of NO2 for this reaction is approximately:
A)
6.4 x10–4 mol/L • min
B)
3.2 x10–4 mol/L • min
C)
1.24 x 10–2 mol/L • min
D)
1.6 x 10–4 mol/L • min
E)
none of these
arrow_forward
Classify each chemical reaction:
Reaction
H₂SO3(aq) → H₂O (1) + SO₂(g)
Cl₂(g) + 2KI (aq)
2K Cl(aq) + 1₂ (s)
K₂SO₂(aq) + Ba(NO₂)₂ (aq) → 2KNO₂ (aq) + BaSO₂ (s)
-
16Na (s) + Sg (g)
8 Na₂S (s)
Type
choose
combination
decomposition
one
single substitution
double substitution
none of the above
choose one
arrow_forward
5. Here is a graph showing how the concentrations of the substances in a reaction vary over time (in a fixed volume):
1.0
[A]
concentration
/mol/L
[B]
time
temperature increased
from 10 °C to 20 °C
'A' is the reactant, 'B' is the product. Here is a puzzle: using only the information provided above, deduce as much as you
can about this reaction. Start by writing the chemical equation for the reaction.
arrow_forward
Which of the following is always correct in considering the percentage yield of a reaction?
There are cases that percentage yield is greater than 100%.
There are cases that percentage yield is greater than 100%.
Theoretical yield is always greater than actual yield.
Theoretical yield is always greater than actual yield.
There is no relationship between actual and percent yield.
There is no relationship between actual and percent yield.
Percent yield is derived from pre and post lab experiments.
Percent yield is derived from pre and post lab experiments.
Actual yield is always greater than theoretical yield.
Which of the following is always correct in considering the percentage yield of a reaction?
There are cases that percentage yield is greater than 100%.
There are cases that percentage yield is greater than 100%.
Theoretical yield is always greater than actual yield.
Theoretical yield is always greater than actual yield.
There…
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Give 5 practical applications or chemical observations where you observe that there is a change in concentration of products and reactants.
arrow_forward
2. NITROGEN MOLECULES
It is difficult to think that some good things come from the powerful bust of
electrical energy. During thunderstorms, the nitrogen and oxygen from the air react to
form oxides of nitrogen. These oxides dissolve in the rain and are absorbed by the soil,
fertilized with nitrogen. According to studies, more than 50% of usable nitrogen is
generated from the atmosphere in this process.
Explain the process that happens to nitrogen and oxygen during a thunderstorm
in terms of chemical bonding. What is the benefit of this bond? (P)
3.
ALLOYS
Metal alloys are created through metallic bonding. Two examples of alloys are
brass (zinc and copper) and steel (carbon and iron). Metallic bonding is utilized for its
conductive properties to help transfer electricity throughout a house via copper wiring.
Metallic bonds also exist between cast iron, which is made up of iron and carbon,
bronze (Cu &Sn), stainless steel (Fe, Cr, C, In), and so on. It is used mostly to improve
the…
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Classify each chemical reaction:
2K (s) + Br₂ (1) 2K Br(s)
FeSO₂ (aq) + PbCl₂ (aq) → FeCl₂ (aq) + PbSO₂ (s)
reaction
2CH₂CH₂(g) +70, (g) 4CO₂(g) + 6H₂O(g)
KOH(aq) + HBrO (aq) → KBrO(aq) + H₂O(1)
Explanation
Recheck
type of reaction
(check all that apply)
combination
O single replacement
Odouble replacement
decomposition
combination
single replacement
double replacement
decomposition
combination
single replacement
double replacement
decomposition
combination
precipitation
combustion
acid-base
X
precipitation
combustion
acid-base
precipitation
combustion
acid-base
Oprecipitation
combustion
O single replacement
O double replacement acid-base
O decomposition
MacBook Air
S
© 2023 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Resea
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7. You can see an MSDS below. Please answer the following questions related to the MSDS.
a) What is the name of this chemical?
b) What should you do if someone drinks the chemical?
c) Would this chemical catch on fire if it was exposed to flames?
d) If this chemical gets in your eye what should you do?
e) What color is this chemical?
f) What should you do if someone spills a small amount of the chemical?
arrow_forward
A docs.google.com
The Progressive Era
Camila Vasquez - American 2 Vir..
Chapter 8 Test
When solutions of potassium sulfide and copper(II) chloride are combined,
a solid is formed. What type of reaction is this? *
production of a gas
neutralization
precipitation
When solid calcium carbonate is added to sulfuric acid, water, carbon
dioxide gas, and solid calcium sulfate is formed. What type of reaction is
this (check all that apply). *
precipitation
production of a gas
neutralization
When solutions,of potassium sulfide and copper(II) chloride are
combined, a solid is formed. Write a balanced reaction equation.
Your answer
MacBook Air
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In 2014, the World Anti-Doping Agency announced that Xenon gas would be added to the list of banned substances for athletes. Apparently since 2004, Russian athletes had been inhaling xenon while training, with the physiological effect being to boost the capacity of blood to carry oxygen needs for aerobically demanding sports. If an athlete inhaled an average of 1.75 x 10-4 moles of Xe per breath while sleeping, with an average rate of 13.0 breaths per minute for 8.50 hours how many total GRAMS of Xe(g) were inhaled while sleeping?
please show all calculations
arrow_forward
One day in lab, while taking apart a complicated distillation apparatus, your friend
Lisa (an expert chemist) says this:
"Group 2A metal hydrides react with water to produce hydroxides and
hydrogen gas."
Using Lisa's statement, and what you already know about chemistry, predict the
products of the following reaction.
Be sure your chemical equation is balanced!
BaH₂(s) + H₂O(1)→
arrow_forward
The reaction between ammonia and nitrogen monoxide is given below:4 NH3(g) + 6 NO(g) 5 N2(g) + 6 H2O(l) We therefore know that which of the following reactions can also occur?
4 N2(g) + 3 H2O(g) 2 NH3(g) + 3 N2O(g)
2 NH3(g) + 3 N2O(g) 4 N2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
2 N2O(g) 2 N2(g) + O2(g)
None of the Above
arrow_forward
III. The reaction for the Haber process, the industrial production of ammonia, is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
Assume that under certain laboratory conditions ammonia is produced at the rate of 6.29 mol L-1 s-1. At what rate is hydrogen consumed?
Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
arrow_forward
. C4 H10 O3 + ?O2 →
39 -
Assume that this reaction is a complete reaction. What can be the coefficient of oxygen gas when the reaction is balanced with simple stoichiometric coefficients?
O A) 4
O B) 5
O C) 6
O D) 8
O E) 7
arrow_forward
Please help me how to solve this problem. Please show step by step. Thank you very much.
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In the following equation for a chemical reaction, the notation (s), (I), or (g) indicates whether the substance indicated is
in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state.
2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) →→→2SO3(g) + energy
The reaction is
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Identify each of the following as a product or a reactant:
SO3(g)
SO₂(g)
0₂(g)
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Which of the following KT graphs corresponds to this chemical reaction: 4NH3(g) +50₂(g) = 4NO(g) + 6H₂O(l)?
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- One day in lab, while taking apart a complicated distillation apparatus, your friend Reuben (an expert chemist) says this: "Ammonium salts heated with aqueous hydroxides form ammonia, water, and a salt." Using Reuben's statement, and what you already know about chemistry, predict the products of the following reaction. Be sure your chemical equation is balanced! NHÃNO₂(aq) + KOH(aq) → [ ローロ O+O X NO REACTION 3arrow_forwardFor the reaction 2N2O5(g) ® 4NO2(g) + O2(g), the following data were collected. t (minutes) [N2O5] (mol/L) 0 1.24 x 10–2 10 0.92 x 10–2 20 0.68 x10–2 30 0.50 x 10–2 40 0.37 x 10–2 50 0.28 ´ 10–2 70 0.15 ´ 10–2 The initial rate of production of NO2 for this reaction is approximately: A) 6.4 x10–4 mol/L • min B) 3.2 x10–4 mol/L • min C) 1.24 x 10–2 mol/L • min D) 1.6 x 10–4 mol/L • min E) none of thesearrow_forwardClassify each chemical reaction: Reaction H₂SO3(aq) → H₂O (1) + SO₂(g) Cl₂(g) + 2KI (aq) 2K Cl(aq) + 1₂ (s) K₂SO₂(aq) + Ba(NO₂)₂ (aq) → 2KNO₂ (aq) + BaSO₂ (s) - 16Na (s) + Sg (g) 8 Na₂S (s) Type choose combination decomposition one single substitution double substitution none of the above choose onearrow_forwardarrow_back_iosSEE MORE QUESTIONSarrow_forward_ios
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