The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07.
Robert I, duke of Normandy
(Robert the Magnificent), d. 1035, duke of Normandy (1027–35); father of William the Conqueror. He is often identified with the legendary Robert the Devil. He aided King Henry I of France against Henry’s rebellious brother and mother, intervened in the affairs of Flanders, and supported Edward the Confessor, then in exile at Robert’s court. He also sponsored monastic reform in Normandy. After making his illegitimate son William his heir, he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and died at Nicaea.
