| The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. |
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| chill |
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| PRONUNCIATION: |  ch l |
| NOUN: | 1. A moderate but penetrating coldness. 2. A sensation of coldness, often accompanied by shivering and pallor of the skin. 3. A checking or dampening of enthusiasm, spirit, or joy: bad news that put a chill on the celebration. 4. A sudden numbing fear or dread. | | ADJECTIVE: | 1. Moderately cold; chilly: a chill wind. 2. Not warm and friendly; distant: a chill greeting. 3. Discouraging; dispiriting: “Chill penury repressed their noble rage” (Thomas Gray). | | VERB: | Inflected forms: chilled, chill·ing, chills
| | TRANSITIVE VERB: | 1. To affect with or as if with cold. 2. To lower in temperature; cool. 3. To make discouraged; dispirit. 4. Metallurgy To harden (a metallic surface) by rapid cooling. | | INTRANSITIVE VERB: | 1. To be seized with cold. 2. To become cold or set: jelly that chills quickly. 3. Metallurgy To become hard by rapid cooling. 4. Slang a. To calm down or relax. Often used with out. b. To pass time idly; loiter. Often used with out. c. To keep company; see socially. Often used with out. | | ETYMOLOGY: | Middle English chile, from Old English cele. See gel- in Appendix I. | | OTHER FORMS: | chill ing·ly —ADVERB
chillness —NOUN
| | OUR LIVING LANGUAGE: | In the 1980s and 1990s, chill gained currency as a slang term meaning “to relax, calm down.” It is first recorded in 1979 and comes from Black English slang, which has frequently been a source of slang and informal words in Standard English, often through the medium of various African-American musical styles (in this case, rap and hip-hop). In fact, the word chill has had several incarnations as a slang term both inside and outside Black English. An older slang sense, recorded first in the 1870s, has been “to lose interest (in something), sour (on something).” Since the late 1920s it has also been used transitively to mean “to quash” and even “to kill.” The recent use in the sense “to calm down” is another example of slang's innovativeness: English has always used words referring to heat and cold metaphorically to refer to emotions, and has used cool to refer to calmness since Old English times. Chill is a novel way of saying cool down, an old metaphor. The semantic evolution of chill continues as this is being written; the new sense of “to relax” has even more recently been extended to mean “to relax among friends, socialize.” Chill thus offers a good example of how living languages are constantly changing in ways that are at once unpredictable and immediately comprehensible.
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| The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by the Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. |
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