Leptin inhibits eating and is secreted in amounts in direct proportion to body fat. Moreover, obese people have normal amounts of leptin and leptin receptor. Why, then, do people become obese?
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Leptin inhibits eating and is secreted in amounts in direct proportion to body fat. Moreover, obese people have normal amounts of leptin and leptin receptor. Why, then, do people become obese?
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- How does a ketogenic diet decrease the level of urea in obese patients and increase the level of creatine in obese patients? (explain on a molecular level)Ob/ob knock-out (leptin deficient) mice put on abnormally high weight. These mice also cannot maintain body temperature. Explain why.Fatty acids appear to stimulate insulin secretion to a much greater extent when glucose is also present. Why is this significant?
- Pancreatic β cells express a receptor for fatty acids. Fatty acid binding to the protein appears to stimulate insulin secretion. Does this phenomenon make metabolic sense?Ketone bodies that build up under starvation conditions act as hunger suppressants and mentaldepressants. Does this make sense or would it make more sense for them to act as a stimulant to goout and find food? Explain.Many diabetics do not respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors on their cells. How does this aff ect (a) the levels of circulating glucose immediately after a meal and (b) the rate of glycogen synthesis in muscle?
- Bodybuilders have been known to inject insulin to increase muscle mass because it stimulates protein anabolism. What is one of the risks associated with this practice in terms of K+ levels: elevated blood plasma K+ (hyperkalemia) or decreased blood plasma K+ (hypokalemia)? Could the practice of injecting insulin to increase muscle mass be fatal?Islet cells in the pancreas are actively synthesizing and secreting insulin into the bloodstream. A scientist purifies different membranous fractions of these islet cells. In which fraction would she find insulin or its intermediates?Glucagon facilitates the adaptation of our body to fasting. Which enzymes of glucides (carbohydrates) metabolism are regulated, directly or undirectly, in response to the secretion of glucagon by pancreas?.
- Why are the essential fatty acid associated with low incidence of heart disease? Cite some clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. Explain how aspirin can block the synthesis of prostaglandins?Today, due to the pandemic most people stay at home and most of them gain weight. Many weight loss products and drinks are introduced in the market which contains Carnitine: A fat mover. Explain the mechanism of action ofcarnitine in losing weight?The most common form of malnutrition in children in the world, kwashiorkor, is caused by a diet having ample calories but little protein. The high levels of carbohydrate result in high levels of insulin. What is the effect of high levels of insulin on (a) lipid utilization? (b) protein metabolism? (c) Children suffering from kwashiorkor often have large distended bellies caused by water from the blood leaking into extracellular spaces. Suggest a biochemical basis for this condition.