Figure(a)Hot reservoir10 J600 K<1 of 3>5 J10 J300 KCold reservoir Does the energy-transfer diagram in (Figure 1) represent possible heat engine? If not, what is wrong?YesNo, violates the first law of thermodynamicsNo, violates the second law of thermodynamicsNo, violates both the first and second laws of thermodynamicsSubmitRequest Answer

The energy-transfer diagram in (Figure 1) does not represent a possible heat engine. It violates the…

Answered: Figure (a) Hot reservoir 10 J 600 K < 1…

College Physics

1st Edition

ISBN:9781938168000

Author:Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs

Publisher:Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs

Chapter15: Thermodynamics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 31CQ: Explain how water’s entropy can decrease when it freezes without violating the second law of...

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In a very mild winter climate, a heat pump has heat transfer from an environment at 5.00C to one at 35.0C. What is the best possible coefficient of performance for these temperatures? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Thermodynamics.
Explain how water’s entropy can decrease when it freezes without violating the second law of thermodynamics. Specifically, explain what happens to the entropy of its surroundings.
Consider these scenarios and state whether work is done by the system on the environment (SE) or by the environment on the system (ES): (a) opening a carbonated beverage; (b) filling a flat tire; (c) a sealed empty gas can expands on a hot day, bowing out the walls.
This problem compares the energy output and heat transfer to the environment by two different types of nuclear power stationsone with the normal efficiency of 34.0%, and another with an improved efficiency of 40.0%. Suppose both have the same heat transfer into the engine in one day. 2.501014J. (a) How much more electrical energy is produced by the more efficient power station? (b) How much less heat transfer occurs to the environment by the more efficient power station? (One type of more ef?cient nuclear power station, the gas—cooled reactor, has not been reliable enough to be economically feasible in spite of its greater eficiency.)
(a) Ten grams of H2O stats as ice at 0 . The ice absorbs heat from the air (just above 0 ) until all of it melts. Calculate the entropy change of the H2O, of the air, and of the universe. (b) Suppose that the air in part (a) is at 20 rather than 0 and that the ice absorbs heat until it becomes water at 20 . Calculate the entropy change of the H2O, of the air, and of the universe. (c) Is either of these processes reversible?
(a) How much heat transfer occurs from 20.0 kg of 90.0C water placed in contact with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water, producing a final temperature of 50.0C ? (b) How much work could a Carnot engine do with this heat transfer, assuming it operates between two reservoirs at constant temperatures of 90.0C and 10.0C ? (c) What increase in entropy is produced by mixing 20.0 kg of 90.0C water with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water? (d) Calculate the amount of work made unavailable by this mixing using a low temperature of 10.0C, and compare it with the work done by the Garnet engine. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy. (e) Discuss how everyday processes make increasingly more energy unavailable to do work, as implied by this problem.
Of the following, which is not a statement of the second law of thermodynamics? (a) No heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb energy from a reservoir and use it entirely to do work, (b) No real engine operating between two energy reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two reservoirs, (c) When a system undergoes a change in state, the change in the internal energy of the system is the sum of the energy transferred to the system by heat and the work done on the system, (d) The entropy of the Universe increases in all natural processes, (e) Energy will not spontaneously transfer by heat from a cold object to a hot object.
Suppose you build a two-engine device with the exhaust energy output from one heat engine supplying the input energy for a second heat engine. We say that the two engines arc running in series. Let e1 and e2 represent the efficiencies of the two engines. (a) The overall efficiency of the two-engine device is defined as the total work output divided by the energy put into the first engine by heat. Show that the overall efficiency e is given by e=e1+e2e1e2 What If? For parts (b) through (e) that follow, assume the two engines are Carnot engines. Engine 1 operates between temperatures Th and Ti. The gas in engine 2 varies in temperature between Ti and Tc. In terms of the temperatures, (b) what is the efficiency of the combination engine? (c) Does an improvement in net efficiency result from the use of two engines instead of one? (d) What value of the intermediate temperature Ti results in equal work being done by each of the two engines in series? (e) What value of Ti results in each of the two engines in series having the same efficiency?
Give an example of a spontaneous process in which a system becomes less ordered and energy becomes less available to do work. What happens to the system's entropy in this process?
. As a gasoline engine is miming, an amount of gasoline containing 15,000 J of chemical potential energy is burned in 1 s. During that second, the engine does 3,000 J of work. (a) What is the engine's efficiency? (b) The burning gasoline has a temperature of about 4,000°F (2,500 K). The waste heat from the engine flows into air at about 80°F (300 K). What is the Carnot efficiency of a heat engine operating between these two temperatures?
A large electrical power station generates 1000 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 35.0%. (a) Calculate the heat transfer to the power station, Qh, in one day. (b) How much heat transfer Qc occurs to the environment in one day? (c) If the heat transfer in the cooling towers is from 35.0C water into the local air mass, which increases in temperature from 18.0C to 20.0C, what is the total increase in entropy due to this heat transfer? (d) How much energy becomes unavailable to do work because of this increase in entropy, assuming an 18.0C lowest temperature? (Part of Qccould be utilized to operate heat engines or far simply heating the surroundings, but it rarely is.)
Use a PV diagram such as the one in Figure 22.2 (page 653) to figure out how you could modify an engine to increase the work done.

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