A. Signal transduction in cells can happen in two fundamental ways once a signal arrives at the cell membrane. Using diagrams to aid your explanations, compare these two different types of signal transduction and explain why they occur differently. How is the signal amplified and briefly describe the kinds of cell responses (at least 4) that can occur in cells.
Q: I want to look the concentration values from these absorbance readings in order to make a graph of c...
A: The Lambert-Beer law states that the light absorbed by a compound is dependent on the concentration ...
Q: Classify the following pairs according to their specific type of isomerism. Write your answer on the...
A: Carbohydrates are one of the major essential nutrients for our bodies. They are the major source of ...
Q: what type of reaction is the the reverse synthesis of ceramides from sphingosine
A: Ceramides belong to the family of waxy lipids that contain sphingosine and fatty acids. It is abunda...
Q: hydrolysis of sucrose and starch
A: Benedict's test: When a reducing sugars are heated in the presence of alkali they get converted to e...
Q: Histones are proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, tightly bound to DNA, which has many phosphat...
A: Proteins are large and complex molecules playing different critical roles in our body. They perform ...
Q: draw the building block in limonene structure, why does the racemate of limonene has the good abilit...
A: Terpenes are a type of a natural product that includes chemicals having the formula (C5H8)n. As a re...
Q: What role do glycocalyces play in the ability of bacteria to survive and cause disease? (use at leas...
A: The cell envelope in bacteria consists of three layers namely, the outermost layer of the glycocalyx...
Q: Example: A plant was discovered in a spring. To study the activity of the plant, 5.00g of the plant ...
A: The Bradford protein assay an accurate spectroscopic procedure used to measure the concentration of ...
Q: ) Gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G50 b.SDS-PAGE
A: Gel filtration: With this method we could separte protein with reapect to molecular weight in the n...
Q: Assuming you have an agonist, a competitive antagonist, and an easy assay for measuring binding of t...
A: An agonist is a substance that can bring about a specific physiological response by binding to a spe...
Q: Determine in descending order which lipid is most polar to least polar. Explain your answer.
A: Lipids are non-polar molecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents. Lipids are involved in energy st...
Q: Emtricitabine (2,3-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine, abbreviated as FTC) is a nucleoside analog that...
A: Given Values: [FTC] = 10 nM [HIV RT] = 37.5 nM [HIV RT-FTC] = 2.5 μM=2.5×103 nM
Q: molecule in each ionization state. H|| H,N*-C-C- OH H|| H,N-C-C-0- H I H,N-C-C-0- H,N-C-C-C CH, CH, ...
A: pH is the measure of the strength of H+ ion or Hydronium ions in solution. pOH is the measu...
Q: a. Draw b furanose b. A polysaccharide which is a major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropod...
A: NOTE: Subpart (a) must have β-furanose and not b furanose. Carbohydrates are biomolecules that are ...
Q: sugar
A: polysaccharides : it is a polymer made up of many sugar subunits, called monosaccharides . Polysacch...
Q: What are the three special proteins needed to form the initial replication bubble?
A: Replication is an essential process taking place in all living organisms that ensure the maintenance...
Q: Microbial products can be classified as three major categories. With the use of sketch, briefly expl...
A: Microorganism growth is a very complex and coordinated process that culminates in an increase in cel...
Q: Are biomolecules only present in foods? Not in things or objects? If not, please provide some things...
A: Life exists on earth because various non-living molecules interact together and sustain life, these ...
Q: The graph below shows glucose-6-phosphate levels in wild type (white) and Ahxk2 (black) cells after ...
A: Wild type cells are usually considered as dominant. Here wild type cells (white) and hexokinase muta...
Q: QUESTION 6 Disulfide bonds stabilize structures of proteins Tertiary and Quaternary primary secondar...
A: Quaternary structure- Formed by more than 1 protein chains/subunits. Disulfide bond formed involves ...
Q: A) The sequence of the atoms in the polypeptide backbone does not vary between different proteins. B...
A: Protein accounts for more than half of the dry weight of a cell. Proteins are thus a diverse and pro...
Q: OH HỌ Но. OH OH но но HO- но Но OH Which is the correct IUPAC name of the structure given? O a-D-glu...
A: This is the structure of trisaccharide where three monosaccharides are linked with each other with O...
Q: AMP is derived from a reaction involving which of the following? ATP and ADP ADP and ADP NAD a...
A: Adenosine is a chemical found in human cells and they are of three different forms: adenosine monoph...
Q: 5. Carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed to compounds with simpler molecules? a. Oligosaccharides ...
A: Hi! Thank you for your questions. As you have asked multiple questions (in total 11-1) but haven't m...
Q: Identify the amino acid shown below. (Note: SIngle letter codes are given as answer choices) H. H,N-...
A:
Q: acids must be converted to _____ prior to transport into the mitochondria
A: Fatty acids must be activated before they can carried in to the mitrochondrion , known as fatty acid...
Q: 4. Create a PCR master mix for the following: 48 samples, 25 uL total volume per reaction, 2 uL temp...
A: PCR, or the polymerase chain reaction, is a chemical reaction that is used by molecular biologists t...
Q: Anabolic reactions like fatty acid synthesis are inherently endergonic and require exergonic driving...
A: The synthesis of fatty acids mainly palmitic acid from acetyl CoA involves seven enzyme reaction, I...
Q: Which of the following are repeating disaccharides of polysaccharides are often found in mucus and f...
A: Polysaccharides are carbohydrates with more than 100 units. Polysaccharides are classified as homopo...
Q: Which statement is not true A. The fold of protein is the overall shape and orientation of the secon...
A: The incorrect statement is: C) The topology of protein is the overall shape, not including the conn...
Q: QUESTION 4 Which of the following amino acids or types of amino acids is rarely found in beta sheets...
A: Answer Option a : Non- Polar aminoacids
Q: Determine the values of Km and Vmax for the decarboxylation of β-keto acid given the following data....
A: Those classes of proteins that mainly act as a catalyst in the living body by increasing the rate of...
Q: Which is the dominant form of DNA found in the cell? H 2. Z 3. B 4. A
A: DNA is a deoxyribose sugar made up of different nucleotides. DNA is of three types: A-DNA, B-DNA and...
Q: Methotrexate used in chemotherapy? How does it work in terms of enzyme inhibition that is involved i...
A: Methotrexate- is a an anti-cancer chemotherapy drug. It is one of a group of chemotherapy drugs call...
Q: Given the following information on reduction potentials, calculate the standard free energy in kJ/mo...
A: Gibbs's free energy calculation helps to calculate chemical energy when a bond break or form in a re...
Q: make the test principle, materials required for the analysis, sample preparation, test procedure, in...
A: A variety of organic compounds exist in nature. Among them, the nitrogen-containing organic compound...
Q: Thioester play an important role in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. Which reactions in glycolysis and ...
A: Thioesters usually come from/get interconverted with the acyl phosphate species, or acyl adenylate
Q: How does the body use amino acids? What is deamination? Define nitrogen balance. What conditions are...
A: The term "biomolecule" refers to a molecule created by living organisms or cells. The most common bi...
Q: OH | || CH3CHCH,CSR → CH3CH=CHCSR
A:
Q: Ceramides work in tandem with cholesterol and saturated fatty acids to give your skin water impermea...
A: Ceramides belong to the waxy lipid molecules composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid. Ceramides are...
Q: Answer the following questions. Please I really need help. Even if you write something easy, I beg y...
A: ISO (the international organization for standardization) is a global federation of the national stan...
Q: он но но- HO но. но. но- -OH Он A OH В
A: Isomerism : It is a phenomenon of accurance of different arrangements of the atoms within the sam em...
Q: I. True or False ____________9] Ribulose yields 5-hydroxymethylfurfural upon treatment with strong...
A: Carbohydrate is a macromolecule and major source of energy for the living organisms. It is mainly co...
Q: NH OH OH Which nucleotide is shown in the picture
A: A nucleoside is a glycosylamine that is a nucleotide without a phosphate group. A nucleoside consist...
Q: What is the p-value or critical value of this problem?
A: A p- value is used in hypothesis testing to support or reject the null hypothesis. The p-value compa...
Q: Among the GAGs, hyaluronate is the only one that is not sulfated. True False
A: GAGs occur naturally in our body. They are a polysaccharide chain extension to protein molecules. Ch...
Q: You are investigating the DNA-binding interaction of the drug candidate below, which binds to DNA vi...
A: The study of interaction between drug and protein is very important to understand its mechanism of d...
Q: Which of the below statements are FALSE? I: Cholesterol synthesis is regulated by covalent modificat...
A: Cholesterol is present solely in animals, thus it is frequently called animal sterol. It is amphipat...
Q: A collection of 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-3-lauroylglycerol molecules is most likely to form a/an (bilayer...
A: 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-3-lauroylglycerol Large lipid tail is present in the molecule alongwith the pola...
Q: 1. You want to purify a protein using anion exchange column chromatography. In this technique, the ...
A: In anion exchange form of affinity column chromatography, since the solid state beads are positivel...
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps with 2 images
- WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION The properties oflife emerge at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of apoptosis is not simply the destruction of acell; it is also an emergent property. Write a short essay (about100–150 words) that briefly explains the role of apoptosis inthe development and proper functioning of an animal, and describe how this form of programmed cell death is a process thatemerges from the orderly integration of signaling pathways.Much of what we know about cellsignaling comes from biochemicalstudies of isolated proteins in testtubes. What is the precise quantitativebehavior of intracellular signalingnetworks in an intact cell, or in anintact animal, where countless othersignals and cell components mightinfluence signaling specificity andstrength?cab # . lock fn QUESTION 3 Identify an important difference between the cytoplasm of the axon and that of the axon terminal. Choose the correct option O a. Axon terminals have more microtubules KE →1 O b. The axon has more synaptic vesicles than the axon terminal O c. Ribosomes are present in the axon terminal O d. There are large numbers of mitochondria in the axon terminal esc QUESTION 4 True or False. Pathological changes in axonal microtubule-associated proteins (MAPS) are called tau. This pathological change is implicated in the dementia that accompanies Alzheimer's disease. O True O False QUESTION 5 What is retrograde axoplasmic transport? Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers. Type here to search ! 7 ? Q A @ Z 2 W S # * 3 X E alt 4 $ D O IDI 4 R () C % 5 LL F n T V 6 G hp 4 & 7 B H 00 8 to 144 J N ( ? 9 Two > K M O O < 4 1 Save All Ansv 65°F Cloudy A 2 H ha
- Science of Curiosity a. Signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another cell type. Which system of the body is responsible for sending out cell signals that go a long distance? ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Long Distance § Neurotransmitters § Plant immune response § Quorum sensing in bacteria § Morphogens in embryonic development § Insulin § Human growth hormone § Testosterone § Estrogen endocrine oYstem Explain how this system achieves long distance cell signaling to communicate with body tissues far away from the signaling cell. Use the example of insulin and define "target cell' in your explanation. semenda ong dis Th oystem sends Yong dis cll In terms of speed and longevity in the body, compare the Endocrine System (like insulin or growth hormone signals) and the Nervous System signaling (neurotransmitters). Science of CuriosilyWhat is the actual “signal” that is being transduced inany signal transduction pathway, such as those shownin Figures 11.6 and 11.10? In what way is this information being passed from the exterior to the interior ofthe cell?Of membrane-bound receptors and nuclear receptors, which is betteradapted for mediating a response that lasts a considerable length oftime, and which is better for mediating a response with a rapid onset andshort duration? Explain why.
- Name and define (briefly) the four different types of receptors involved in Cellsignaling. Give an example of a ligand and specific type of receptor (where would you find the receptor?) for one of the receptors defined.Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling results in actin cytoskeleton rearrangements, leading to cellmovement and changes in cell shape. Describe how changes to the actin cytoskeleton lead to cellmovement and changes in cell shape.You do not need to draw out the signaling pathway again (#1b). Your answer should focus onthe changes to the actin cytoskeleton. Drawings will be helpful!Which of the following would not inhibit signal transduction? a. Phosphate groups are removed from proteins. b. Endocytosis acts on receptors and their bound signals. c. Receptors and signaling molecules separate. d. Receptors and bound signaling molecules enter lysosomes. e. Autophosphorylation targets the cytoplasmic portion of the receptor.
- 3. Based on the diagram above and your labels, propose a definition for "transduction" in the context of a signal transduction pathway. 4. Amplification often occurs during the signal transduction step of the cell communication pathway. Explain how the signal above was amplified and draw an arrow on the image to indicate where amplification occurred. 5. List three possible cellular responses that could occur due to a signal being received by a target cell. Hint: look at Figure 6-2 in your book or on the second page of your notes,3. The role of the cytoskeleton in Hedgehog signaling (actin rearrangements, microtubules)a. The Smoothened protein localizes to the primary cilium of the target cells. Suppose there is amutation that impairs a protein involved in basal body formation. How do you think would thisaffect signaling through Smoothened? Make sure to define basal body, explain its function, andrelate it to Smoothened signaling. b. Cos2 and Fu bind to microtubules, localizing Ci/Gli to the cytoplasm. How do you think a mutationin a microtubule associated protein (MAP) that functions to stabilize microtubules would affectboth the microtubules and Hedgehog signaling? Make sure to describe the role of the protein,regulation of microtubule dynamics, and how this might affect cells when Hedgehog is bothpresent and absent.1. List one example of AMPLIFICATION OF SIGNAL during the cell’s response to Hedgehog. Makesure to write out full steps and not just the name of a protein. Do not choose the example from2h or 2i if you chose amplification of signal as your answer to those questions.