8) Draw a two-stranded, antiparallel ß-sheet with at least four amino acids in each B-strand.
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- when various strains of lambda phage are seeded on a lawn of e.coli, they can form clear or turbid plaques. Explain the difference between the two types of plaques. can all bacteriophage form clear and turbid plaques?The size of a DNA fragment that can be inserted into an unmodified λ vector is very limited. Large segment in the central region of the λ DNA molecule can be removed without affecting the ability of the phage to infect Escherichia coli cells. However, the deletion of this non- essential region does affect the life cycle of the bacteriophage. Explain this statement.Below is a diagram of the general structure of the bacteriophagel chromosome. Speculate on the mechanism by which it forms aclosed ring upon infection of the host cell. 5'GGGCGGCGACCT:double@stranded region-3' 3'- double@stranded region:CCCGCCGCTGGA5'
- 32. The CRISPR-Cas system helps some prokaryotes defend against the phage! Which of the following statements correctly describes how this system works? A) it produces RNA that is translated into proteins that attack viral DNA. B) it inserts specific genes randomly into the prokaryotic genome ) it causes the synthesis of proteins that are then secreted by the prokaryote that attack viruses in the environment. D) it cuts viral DNA at specific sequences before it can replicate.a variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been found in brazil. this variant contains the mutation K417N, where the amino acid K has been mutated to the amino acid N. K and N refers to the one letter codes of the amino acids. a) state the names of the amino acids K and N. b) state one difference between the properties of these 2 aminoacidsModerna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.
- The protein of T2 bacteriophage is labeled with 35S and the DNA with 32p. Where would one detect most of the 32p if the T2 bacteriophage were allowed to infect the bacteria? O on the phage coat surrounding the T2 bacteriophage on the membrane of the infected bacteria O inside the T2 bacteriophage capsid O inside the infected bacteria O The 32P would be equally distributed within the T2 bacteriophage and infected bacteriaYou are a bacteriologist studying a pathogenic protein (the “BAD” protein) that contributes to diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. BAD functions as an ab heterodimer, and the a subunit (25kD) and b subunit (75kD) are held together by an electrostatic interaction between K in the a subunit and D in the b subunit. You are trying to dissociate the BAD subunits to prevent pathogenesis in the bacteria. Which mutation would you make to prevent the BAD subunits from forming a dimer? Assume neutral pH. (A) introduce AAA to AGA point mutation in the a subunit gene(B) introduce GAC to GAG point mutation in the b subunit gene(C) introduce GAT to CGT point mutation in the b subunit gene(D) introduce two point mutations: AAG to GTG in the a subunit gene & GAC to CTC in the b subunit gene (E) introduce two point mutations: AAA to TGC in the a subunit gene & GAT to TGT in the b subunit geneOne of the reasons why phage therapy has not been applied widely is that bacteria can become resistant to bacteriophages as well, through mutations in genes encoding for specific proteins. What would be a protein in the bacterial cell that, if mutated, would make that cell resistant to phage infection?
- The Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine is one of the vaccines currently being rolled out for mass vaccination in South Africa to protect the population against SARS CoV-2, and the active compound in this vaccine is an mRNA molecule. a) The starting material for productio of this vaccine is a copy of the coronavirus spike protein gene cloned into a ppasmid. List the main experimental steps in the vaccine production process, to go from a plamid to an mRNA molecule. b) Which molecular processes in the cell will allow an injected strand of mRNA to produce anti-Covid immunity in the vaccine recipient?A cell infected with lambda bacteriophage can follow one of two pathways: the lytic or lysogenic pathway. Describe the similarities and differences between the structure of cI and Cro, paying particular attention to the features that allow them to carry out their different functions.The linear dsDNA genome of λ binds on the LamB receptor of E. Coli and conducts a normal lysogenic cycle. Exposure to stress will cause the excision of λ prophage from the E. Coli genome. The excised λ genome is then replicated, packaged, and released from the cell as mature λ phage particles and ready to infect other bacterial cells. Among λ phage particles,the transducing phage mediates a specific type of recombination. Understand this scenario and answer the following questions. 1. What are the basic requirements for the insertion of λ into the E. Coli genome? 2. What special features are found in the λ insertion site? 3. What type of recombination occurs with λ insertion in the E. Coli genome? 4. How you will differentiate λ transducing phage from normal λ phage? 5. What exclusive mechanism λ phage utilizes for recombination?