1. Let R be the ring of all functions f: R → R, with operations of pointwise addition and multiplication. Which of the following subsets are ideals? (a) I₁ = {ƒ € R: f(1) = 0}. (b) I₂ = {f € R: f(1) = 0 or f(2)=0}. (c) I3 = {f € R: f(1) = f(2)}.

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